International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Pre-operative management of acute typhoid peritonitis in a resource-limited setting: a qualitative study on the experience and autonomy of anaesthesia and resuscitation technicians in Matadi (DRC)

2026-08-29T06:18:08+00:00

Introduction: Acute diffuse peritonitis (ADP) is a medical and surgical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality in resource-limited settings. In Matadi, Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Technicians (ARTs) are responsible for pre-operative preparation (POP), often without specialist doctors or adequate equipment. This study aimed to explore their practices and the constraints influencing the POP of patients with ADP.

Methods. This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in three general referral hospitals located in the city of Matadi (DRC). Purposive sampling was used to select ARTs who had recent experience of pre-operative preparation (POP). Empirical data saturation, achieved during the 8th interview, was corroborated by conducting three additional interviews within a restricted target population of 15 inpatients, excluding two who were on leave, resulting in an effective recruitment pool of 13 inpatients. The data, collected through semi-structured interviews based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, were subjected to a thematic analysis incorporating dual coding and a verification procedure with the participants.

Results. Eight participants (5 women) with between 3 and 27 years’ experience described patients admitted in a state of septic shock and advanced malnutrition. Resuscitation relied exclusively on crystalloids administered ‘ad libitum’, guided by rudimentary clinical monitoring (blood pressure measured with a cuff, skin fold thickness, urine output, level of consciousness). Faced with shortages and financial constraints, the TARs develop coping strategies (‘resourcefulness’, personal donations) whilst exercising quasi-medical decision-making autonomy, which generates stress and ethical distress.

Conclusion. Pre-operative preparation (POP) for patients with acute diffuse peritonitis (ADP) of typhoid origin in Matadi is compromised by systemic constraints that the ingenuity of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Technicians (ARTs) cannot compensate for in the long term; consequently, this situation warrants the development of context-specific protocols as well as urgent provision of emergency kits.

Keywords: Typhoid peritonitis; pre-operative preparation; Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Technician; limited resources; DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/858

Corporate mergers in Morocco: from the universal transfer of assets to the protection of stakeholders

2026-08-21T17:41:43+00:00

Company mergers are among the most significant restructuring operations under Moroccan business law, balancing the need for asset consolidation with the requirement to protect stakeholders. This article examines the capacity of the Moroccan legal framework to reconcile the efficiency of the transaction with legal certainty for shareholders, creditors and employees. Through an analysis of the normative foundations of mergers (Law 17-95, Law 104-12, the General Tax Code and the Labour Code), its procedural framework (due diligence, competition scrutiny, the involvement of statutory auditors, decisions by general meetings), its tax regime (immediate taxation and tax deferral) and its multiple legal effects, it appears that the Moroccan legislature has established the merger as a highly regulated process. The analysis shows that Moroccan law seeks to reconcile the need to facilitate corporate restructuring with the requirement for legal certainty and the protection of stakeholders’ interests.

Keywords: Company mergers; merger by absorption; universal transfer of assets; Law No. 17-95; restructuring; minority shareholders; creditors; employees; competition law; taxation of mergers; governance; intra-group restructuring.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/839

Using drama to teach French in secondary school: challenges, practices and teaching perspectives

2026-08-22T13:57:29+00:00

This article examines the role of dramatisation in the teaching of French at secondary school level, considered both as a pedagogical approach and as a subject of didactic study. Drawing on a body of research in the didactics of French, theatre pedagogy and language sciences, this analysis begins with the observation that teaching is often centred on the written word and on detached textual analysis, to the detriment of a lived, embodied engagement with language and literature. By engaging the body, the voice, space and interaction, dramatisation creates a space in which pupils’ linguistic, discursive, literary and socio-emotional competences are developed simultaneously. The article first provides a theoretical framework for the concept of dramatisation and its psycho-pedagogical foundations, then discusses the specific challenges raised by its integration into French lessons in upper secondary schools. It goes on to present concrete practices and approaches — dramatised reading, dramatic play, staging of texts, guided improvisation — accompanied by a proposed lesson plan and assessment strategies. Finally, the limitations and resistance encountered in practice (time constraints, teacher training, class heterogeneity) are discussed, before outlining pedagogical perspectives for the reasoned and sustainable integration of theatre into the teaching of French at secondary school level.

Keywords: dramatisation, French language teaching, upper secondary school, drama, language proficiency, public speaking, theatre pedagogy.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/842

Self-efficacy and resilience among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in vulnerable circumstances: a study conducted in Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-08-23T10:33:35+00:00

Raising a child with an intellectual disability is a major challenge, particularly for mothers who bear the main burden of care in contexts characterised by instability and a lack of resources. This study aims to assess the level of resilience among mothers of children living with an intellectual disability in Goma (North Kivu) and to identify the predictors of this resilience, distinguishing the influence of socio-demographic variables from that of internal psychological resources. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 38 mothers receiving care at the Frères de la Charité Centre for People with Physical Disabilities (CHP). Resilience was measured using a validated 28-item scale. Sociodemographic data and self-efficacy were collected via a questionnaire. Statistical analyses (chi-squared, ANOVA, multiple regression) were carried out using SPSS software. The majority of mothers (71.1 per cent) demonstrated excellent resilience (χ² = 6.73, p = 0.009). Multiple regression analyses show that sociodemographic factors (age, occupation, educational attainment, family situation) account for only 1 per cent of the variance in resilience (adjusted R² = 0.010, p = 0.407). By contrast, a sense of self-efficacy emerges as a statistically significant predictor of resilience (F(4,33) = 3.880, p = 0.011). Mothers who feel ‘entirely capable’ of coping with difficulties achieve an average resilience score (104.44) that is significantly higher than that of the other groups. The results confirm that mothers’ resilience in this context relies more on internal psychological resources, particularly self-efficacy, than on socio-demographic factors. These findings support interventions focused on strengthening personal capacities, to complement any material assistance.

Keywords: Resilience, self-efficacy, intellectual disability, mothers, DRC, North Kivu.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/844

Individual Support and the Quality of Digital Education at ULPGL-Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

2026-08-23T10:52:24+00:00

This research explores the perceptions of lecturers at the Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs (ULPGL) in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, regarding individual support for learners in a digital learning context. Faced with major structural challenges, such as a surge in student numbers and limited infrastructure, the study seeks to understand how lecturers conceptualise, implement and perceive the effectiveness of this personalised digital support.

A qualitative methodology, based on semi-structured interviews with three lecturers from different disciplines and on thematic content analysis, was employed. The findings are organised around three main themes. Firstly, lecturers view digitalised individual support as a profound transformation of their teaching practice, shifting from transmissive methods to active and inclusive approaches, and redefining their role as that of a facilitator. Secondly, they perceive its contribution as highly positive, noting improved student engagement, more effective feedback and the development of digital skills, thanks to a resilient hybrid pedagogy. Thirdly, major obstacles persist, notably critical infrastructure constraints (power cuts, poor connectivity) and a lack of training for both teachers and students.

The study concludes that whilst the potential of individualised digital support is widely recognised and experienced by teachers, its optimal implementation is hampered by systemic barriers. It therefore calls for a strengthened institutional approach, combining investment in infrastructure, tailored training programmes and the promotion of resilient teaching strategies, in order to realise the promise of inclusive, high-quality digital education in resource-constrained contexts.

Keywords: Individualised support, digital education, teachers’ perceptions.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/845

The role of the midwife within an interdisciplinary team in the management of high-risk pregnancies in the Katwa health zone, DR Congo

2026-08-23T14:04:51+00:00

Introduction: High-risk pregnancies remain a major maternal and neonatal health issue, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to analyse the role of midwives within an interdisciplinary team in the management of high-risk pregnancies in the Katwa Health Zone.

Materials and methods: This is a descriptive qualitative study conducted with twelve midwives selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews, which were recorded with the participants’ consent and then transcribed in full. The analysis was carried out using a thematic approach, following repeated reading, coding of units of meaning and grouping into categories and themes.

Results: The results show that midwives play a central role in the continuum of care, from the initial assessment of the pregnant woman through to postnatal follow-up. Their responsibilities include taking a medical history, conducting clinical and obstetric examinations, screening for risk factors, referral, antenatal consultations, monitoring labour, delivery and care of the newborn. Collaboration with doctors and other professionals appears essential, but is sometimes limited by communication difficulties, interprofessional tensions and insufficient recognition of their skills. The participants also emphasised the importance of morning handover reports, clinical audits, SONU training and regular professional refresher courses.

Conclusion: Strengthening the role of midwives, continuing professional development, care protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration is a key strategy for improving the quality of care and reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in Katwa.

Keywords: Roles, midwife, interdisciplinary team, obstetric care, high-risk pregnancy, maternal and neonatal health.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/847

Tourism Marketing for Natural and Cultural Patrimony through Touristy Farms in the Province of Tetouan and Tangier, Morocco

2026-08-24T16:13:46+00:00

Touristy farms have appeared throughout numerous regions of the world as a means of promoting both natural and cultural heritage. Nevertheless, scant research has focused on applying tourism marketing to touristy farms in North Morocco. The current study investigates how touristy farms in the province of Tetouan and Tangier, Morocco, valorise and market their natural and cultural patrimony. Relying on a structured questionnaire distributed to farm owners, thirty practical replies have been gathered and analysed via a descriptive analytical approach. The findings reveal that the questioned farms are chiefly small, owned by individuals or families. Shaped as tiny enterprises, these farms mainly valorise agricultural and experiential heritage such as mountains, gardens, agricultural practices and traditional food, instead of constructed or monumental heritage. These farms announce wide target markets but they only entice local and regional tourists; this gap is due to strong dependence on a single marketing channel, social media, along with community involvement, whereas further formal devices as brochures, tourism agencies, branding, and artificial intelligence carry on being insignificant. The most repeatedly mentioned challenges are tourism seasonality, low promotion, financial constraints, and weak infrastructure. Satisfying tourists is chiefly checked via informal review of social media content, instead of structured tools. These outcomes advocate the studies on tourism marketing through farms by presenting proof from Morocco and the North Africa context, which has obtained minimal research attention. They also stress useful stages that could support the sector achieve rural growth as diversifying marketing channels, constructing formal brands, and evaluating tourist gratification in a structured method.

Keywords: Tourism marketing; natural and cultural patrimony; touristy farms; agritourism; rural tourism; Morocco.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/849

Prospects for digital education in vocational training programmes: Analysis of current uses of ICT and projections for their future integration into training programmes focused services and tourism

2026-08-24T17:12:06+00:00

This study analyses the digital transformation of teaching in vocational training programmes, particularly in the tourism and services sectors. It examines current uses of ICT and the prospects for its future integration through digital platforms, collaborative tools, blended learning approaches, simulation and artificial intelligence. The findings show that digital technology helps to diversify teaching practices, develop professional skills and bring learning closer to the realities of the world of work. However, its roll-out continues to face challenges relating to infrastructure, inequalities in access, the digital skills of those involved and pedagogical support. In the future, artificial intelligence, adaptive learning and immersive technologies could facilitate more personalised and vocationally-oriented learning pathways. The study thus emphasises that the success of this transformation depends on the strategic integration of digital technology, linking technological innovation, educational objectives, professional skills and the needs of the labour market.

Keywords: Digital education, ICT, Vocational training, Foresight, Services, Tourism, Educational innovation, Artificial intelligence, Professional skills.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/850

Analysis of the issue of appointing public representatives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo through the lens of the Ishikawa diagram: A study conducted at the Régie des voies Aériennes (RVA) from 2006 to 2026

2026-08-27T13:13:45+00:00

This study examines the recurring issue of the appointment of public officials in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, using the Régie des Voies Aériennes (RVA) as a case study for the period 2006–2026. An analysis of the root causes of instability at the helm of this strategic enterprise reveals systemic failings: a lack of transparency in selection processes, persistent political interference, the absence of objective evaluation of appointments, and a frequent mismatch between the profiles of those appointed and the RVA’s core missions, namely air traffic safety and security, the collection of charges, the development and construction of airports, and staff training. A comparison of these practices with the international governance standards of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the IPSAS accounting standards highlights a major structural discrepancy. The instability of senior management teams, illustrated by appointments between 2020 and 2026, appears to be a symptom of a system in which political considerations take precedence over requirements for competence and performance. The article proposes operational recommendations to establish a transparent appointment process, based on merit and aligned with international standards.

Keywords: Public officials, governance, Ishikawa diagram, DRC, RVA, aviation safety, international standards, ILO, OECD, IPSAS, transparency, public performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/852

Progress, challenges and prospects of the Local Development Programme for the 145 Territories (PDL-145T) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-08-27T13:19:15+00:00

This article analyses the progress, achievements, constraints and prospects of the Local Development Programme for 145 Territories (PDL-145T) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It highlights the progress made in the construction of educational, health and administrative infrastructure, with 1,011 projects completed as at 31 October 2025. However, the programme’s implementation continues to face several challenges, notably insecurity, territorial isolation, logistical and financial difficulties, weak institutional coordination, as well as issues relating to maintenance and community participation. The study also highlights significant regional disparities in the level of implementation. It recommends, in particular, accelerating the works, strengthening funding and security, improving governance and coordination, and establishing sustainable mechanisms for maintenance and monitoring and evaluation.

Keywords: PDL-145T; local development; territorial development; rural infrastructure; governance; funding; security; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/853

Funding and distribution in Moroccan cinema: from amateurism to professionalisation

2026-08-28T19:04:58+00:00

Keywords: PDL-145T; local development; territorial development; rural infrastructure; governance; funding; security; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/857

Empirical analysis of management control and performance in the context of the delegation of public water services in eastern Kasai

2026-08-21T10:24:04+00:00

The issue of the delegation of public water services in the context of Eastern Kasai addresses the question of ensuring sustainable access to drinking water for the population. Its implementation and success will depend on the reliable management control mechanisms put in place to steer management and monitor performance indicators. Management control has become essential and constitutes a strategic tool for regulating and guiding the approach by monitoring the technical, financial and social performance of operators through instruments such as dashboards, performance indicators and audits. Management control enables the effectiveness of delegation contracts to be measured and assessed after a specific period.

The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of management control to the performance of public water service delegation contracts through the indicators calculated and measured. This research adopts a post-positivist approach, aiming, on the one hand, to observe, measure and explain the relationship between management control and performance within the context of public water service delegation, and, on the other hand, to understand and interpret the theories developed by scholars in the field of management control as they relate to public water service delegation.

Keywords: Empirical analysis, management control, performance, and public service delegation.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/838

Exploring the contribution of social media use on tourism destination resilience during disaster response and recovery phases: the case of Al Haouz earthquake in Marrakech, Morocco

2026-08-29T06:24:15+00:00

The tourism industry is especially vulnerable to natural disasters and crises, requiring adaptive strategies to enhance the resilience of affected destinations. This study examines the role of social media networks in strengthening tourism resilience during the response and recovery phases following the Al Haouz earthquake in Marrakech, Morocco. Adopting an interpretivist epistemological approach, this qualitative research draws on testimonies from key stakeholders, including tourism businesses (hotels, travel agencies, airlines, restaurants), local elected officials, public sector actors (Royal Armed Forces, Security Forces, Ministry of the Interior, Civil Protection), as well as Moroccan citizens, foreign tourists, and associations. Data analysis using NVivo software highlights the essential contribution of social media to the resilience and rehabilitation of tourist destinations. The results of the study show that social media are strategic tools whose deliberate and targeted use can strengthen the resilience of tourist destinations in the face of natural disasters. Beyond their role in emergency communication and restoring the image of tourist destinations, targeted content shared on social media influences the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of stakeholders, thereby promoting community engagement and national and international solidarity to overcome the crisis. By identifying key takeaways from this experience, this study provides practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders in the tourism industry to design effective and context-specific interventions.

Keywords: Earthquake disaster, Morocco, resilience, social media use, tourism destination.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/859

Design of an automated information system for commercial management in a multi-branch organisation

2026-08-29T11:17:21+00:00

The reliability and sharing of information amongst operations managers within a multi-branch commercial enterprise is of great importance. A number of challenges to ensuring this sharing include: the availability of information at head office, the analysis and consolidation of data, information security, …

In this article, we propose to identify potential solutions that can help the company overcome these challenges. To resolve this issue, we have designed an IT model tailored to multi-branch retail businesses, comprising algorithms and UML diagrams (use-case diagrams and class diagrams). This has resulted in effective control, ease of data consolidation and improved, timely decision-making.

Keywords: Branch, Retail Business, Information System.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/861

Identifying difficulties relating to information literacy amongst postgraduate students at the University of Yaoundé I

2026-08-29T11:24:39+00:00

In the 21st century, the advent of the knowledge society and the exponential growth of digital data are radically transforming the global academic landscape. While immediate access to scientific information via Web 2.0 technologies represents a major opportunity, it also generates a cognitive and methodological constraint for learning and independent research. In Cameroon, this paradox is particularly acute among postgraduate research students (Master’s and Ph.D. levels), for whom completing a thesis or dissertation demands precise and rigorous methodological skills. The findings of this research point to a critical situation. Indeed, despite the overabundance of information, the majority of students demonstrate limited skills in accurately identifying their information needs, targeting relevant databases, critically evaluating the scientific validity of sources, and utilizing this knowledge in an ethical and legal manner. This qualitative study aims to identify the difficulties related to information literacy among Master’s and Ph.D. students. It was conducted with 10 students from the University of Yaoundé 1. The data collected through an interview guide were analysed using thematic content analysis. The results mapped the students' experiences, highlighted the exact nature of their difficulties, and identified their perceptions regarding training needs. Specifically, they reveal that information literacy gaps are not merely the result of a lack of individual effort, but are exacerbated by exogenous factors: inadequate local technological infrastructure, high costs of high-speed internet access, language barriers when facing predominantly English-language scientific literature, and a lack of familiarity with advanced indexing tools. Unanimously, participants designated training as an essential solution. Regarding this training, participants cited, among other formats, lectures, seminars, practical tutorials, and independent work.

Keywords: information literacy, training, students, University of Yaoundé 1.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/862

Survival and Predictors of Mortality Among Stroke Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Prospective Cohort Study

2026-08-29T13:03:11+00:00

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and severe disability in low- and middle-income countries. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), longitudinal data and modeled survival estimates for in-hospital stroke patients remain extremely scarce.

Objective: To evaluate in-hospital survival and identify independent predictors of mortality among hospitalized stroke patients in the Gombe Health Zone, Kinshasa.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted from August 2025 to June 2026 at the Renaissance University Hospital Center (CHUR) and Ngaliema University Hospital. A total of 250 consecutive patients with confirmed acute stroke were followed. Overall and cumulative survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method (Log-Rank test). Independent predictors of mortality were identified via multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results: The mean age of patients was 57.3 ± 13.3 years, with a marked male predominance (65.6%). Ischemic stroke accounted for 57.2% of cases and hemorrhagic stroke for 42.8%. Overall, in-hospital mortality reached 53.2% (n = 133), with a median overall survival time of 14.5 days (95% CI: 11.2 – 17.8). Survival was significantly worse in hemorrhagic strokes compared to ischemic strokes (median survival: 12.0 days vs. 29.0 days; Log-Rank p = 0.002). In multivariate Cox regression, initial neurological severity at admission (Glasgow Coma Scale < 8; aHR = 3.41 [95% CI: 2.15 – 5.41]; p < 0.001), hemorrhagic stroke subtype (aHR = 2.51 [95% CI: 1.62 – 3.89]; p = 0.001), early seizures (aHR = 2.67 [95% CI: 1.58 – 4.51]; p = 0.002), and severe secondary brain insults of systemic origin (SBISO / ACSOS; aHR = 3.16 [95% CI: 1.98 – 5.04]; p < 0.001) were major independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusion: In-hospital stroke mortality in the Gombe Health Zone is exceptionally high and occurs early. Aggressive and protocolized management of secondary systemic brain insults, strict blood pressure control, and the establishment of dedicated Stroke Units represent priority interventions to reduce this burden.

Keywords: Stroke, Survival, Cox Model, Kaplan-Meier, In-hospital Mortality, Secondary Brain Insults, Kinshasa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/863

The Translation of Mahi Binebine: Cultural Challenges and Humanistic Resonances

2026-09-01T11:18:33+00:00

Moroccan writer and painter Mahi Binebine amplifies the voices of the marginalized — migrants, the poor, and the oppressed. His novels, translated into multiple languages, blend social realism, poetry, and Moroccan oral traditions. Yet, how can translators convey the raw emotion of his words, the rhythm of dialect, or the political urgency of his stories?

This article examines the challenges of translating Binebine’s work, torn between cultural authenticity and readability. The study also explores translators’ strategies: Should culture-specific terms like "djellaba" be kept or glossed? How to preserve Binebine’s storyteller’s voice, deeply rooted in Moroccan Arabic? Finally, it questions how translations shape his global reception, balancing cultural reclamation (Arabic editions) and cross-cultural dialogue (English translations).

Keywords: Translation, challenges, reception, impact, dialogue.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/866

Enhancing Production Automotive Industry Performance with Ishikawa's 5M Method and Fuzzy Logic

2026-09-01T11:34:32+00:00

The digitalization in the dynamic landscape of the automotive industry, achieving optimal production processes is a fundamental imperative. This article delves into a robust approach that combines Ishikawa's 5M method and fuzzy logic to significantly enhance production performance. The 5M method, encompassing Manpower, Machinery, Material, Method, and Measurement, serves as the foundational framework for dissecting factors influencing production. Meanwhile, fuzzy logic, a contemporary mathematical framework, introduces flexibility to decision-making in handling complex, uncertain variables.

The assessment of Manpower Expertise, Machinery Condition, Material Quality, Method Efficiency, and Measurement Accuracy is essential. In the automotive industry, the proficiency of the workforce, machine reliability, material quality, operational efficiency, and precision of measurements collectively define success. Ishikawa's 5M method offers a structured approach to dissecting and addressing these crucial elements.

Fuzzy logic, on the other hand, bridges the gap between qualitative assessments and quantifiable outputs. By assigning linguistic variables and membership functions, it allows for nuanced analysis. Rule-based decision-making in fuzzy logic draws connections between input and output variables, aiding in the interpretation of complex relationships. This adaptive system evolves with time, enhancing its accuracy and predictive capabilities.

The integration of Ishikawa's 5M method and fuzzy logic results in a powerful tool for enhancing production performance. Quality, productivity, safety, and customer satisfaction—integral outcomes in the automotive industry—are no longer subjective measures. Instead, they are quantified, analyzed, and optimized through a synergistic approach. By leveraging both time-tested methodologies and modern techniques, manufacturers can navigate the challenges of the industry and usher in a new era of excellence.

This article serves as a guide to harnessing the potential of Ishikawa's 5M method and fuzzy logic in achieving remarkable production performance in the automotive industry. Through a deeper understanding of the interplay between human expertise, machinery reliability, material quality, method efficiency, and measurement accuracy, coupled with the dynamic capabilities of fuzzy logic, manufacturers are empowered to elevate their production processes to unparalleled heights.

Keywords: Ishikawa, 5M, Fuzzy logic, automotive industry, performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/867

Elective Language in Children on the Autism Spectrum: From Neurocognitive Therapy to the Development of Receptive and Expressive Communication Skills

2026-09-02T08:20:40+00:00

This study examines the neurological, cognitive and linguistic dimensions that explain communication disorders in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), emphasising that their linguistic deficits are not so much due to structural grammatical deficiencies as they are to a contextual-pragmatic gap that hinders the functional use of language in social interaction. The article reviews the neurobiological foundations of the disorder, focusing on the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS) in explaining deficits in imitation and theory of mind, and drawing on explanatory cognitive models such as central coherence impairment and in executive functions. The article also details receptive and expressive language features; it refutes the common perception that expressive language is superior to receptive language, demonstrating the association of language disparities with non-verbal cognitive abilities, neural tonality processing and event-related potentials (ERPs). The study concludes that it is important to shift from formalistic approaches to early pragmatic and functional interventions, and to integrate behavioural assessment tools (such as the VB-MAPP) to enhance communicative competence and self-awareness in natural environments.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, pragmatic linguistics, mirror neurons, theory of mind, receptive and expressive language, early intervention.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/868

The impact of marketing strategies on the overall performance of emerging enterprises: an empirical study of MSMEs in the DRC

2026-09-02T09:14:17+00:00

This study examines the impact of marketing strategies (digital marketing, product differentiation, strategic pricing and distribution channels) on the overall performance of emerging micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Drawing on a sample of 250 MSMEs selected in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi, and using econometric modelling via multiple linear regression (MCO), the results reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship between marketing dimensions and overall performance (R² = 0.624). Digital marketing and distribution strategy emerge as the most powerful determinants. The study offers concrete strategic recommendations for business leaders and public decision-makers to stimulate the Congolese economy.

Keywords: Marketing strategies, MSMEs, Overall performance, Emerging economy, DRC, Econometrics.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/870

Re-examining public administration management in the DRC Between institutional and administrative inertia and the marginalisation of civil servants

2026-09-03T08:33:09+00:00

The management of public administration is a key determinant of a state’s ability to design and effectively implement its public policies. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), however, several decades of administrative reforms have failed to provide a lasting solution to the challenges relating to institutional effectiveness, human resources management, the performance of public services and the recognition of civil servants. This article analyses the management of the Congolese public administration through the lens of two key issues: institutional inertia and the marginalisation of civil servants in the process of administrative modernisation.

The study adopts a qualitative approach based on a review of the literature and an analysis of academic work on the reform of the Congolese public administration. It shows that the difficulties observed are not solely attributable to inadequate legislation or a lack of reforms. They also stem from a disconnect between institutional norms, administrative practices, career management mechanisms and contemporary demands for public sector performance. Recent literature highlights, in particular, the effects of clientelism, the politicisation of recruitment, nepotism, the weakness of meritocracy and difficulties in career management.

The article argues that the reform of the Congolese public administration should move beyond a primarily institutional approach to adopt a managerial, people-centred and results-oriented approach. The revaluation of civil servants, the professionalisation of careers, transparency in recruitment, continuous training, digitalisation and performance appraisal thus emerge as key levers for transformation.

Keywords: public administration; civil servant; institutional inertia; marginalisation; administrative reform; meritocracy; public performance; DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/872

Two economies: the old and the new – a key concept in the transformation of economic systems and how to manage organisations today

2026-09-03T08:38:18+00:00

We had all realised that this concluding article is currently part of a series of publications that are beginning to help the public understand both the new and the old economies in many of their facets. As the saying goes: in a country where guerrilla warfare rages, a goods train pushes a small cart whose role is to detonate any explosive charges that might be placed on the track. In the same way, the vision contained in this article plays the same role as that cart, for the future is always a ‘guerrilla’ territory where unexpected elements – which may seem insignificant – are capable of derailing today’s firmly established and seemingly indestructible trends; or, to change the metaphor, it can be regarded as a ‘precursor warning signal’ heralding the elements of discontinuity which, although still in their infancy, are already transforming the structure and meaning of yesterday’s and today’s economy and society.

Keywords: Old economy, new economy, economic transformation, innovation, inclusive development.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/873

Rainfall-induced instability of high road cut slopes in tropical lateritic soils: numerical assessment and stabilization performance

2026-08-13T10:02:17+00:00

This study numerically assessed the stability of a high road cut slope subjected to rainfall infiltration, on the Olembe–Obala Interchange Road section near Nkolngem, in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Hourly climatic data spanning 25 years (2000–2025) were obtained from NASA POWER and cross-validated against Climate Research Unit monthly records, yielding a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.949 and a mean relative error of 9%, confirming data reliability. Extreme rainfall intensities were extracted and fitted to the Gumbel distribution, with adequacy verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, accepted for 84% of durations analyzed. Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves were then constructed for return periods of 2 to 100 years. Infiltration modeling was performed using SEEP/W, with soil hydraulic properties estimated via the Fredlund and Xing model, under two complementary approaches namely a soil-climate interaction approach using continuous hourly time series, and a unit water flux approach simulating discrete extreme events. Slope stability was evaluated using SLOPE/W, combining the Morgenstern-Price limit equilibrium method and a finite element stress-based approach implemented through SIGMA/W, with both methods yielding consistent results within a mean relative difference of 2.72%. In the absence of stabilization, the safety factor decreased under the combined effect of rainfall intensity and duration, falling below the critical threshold of 1.3 during prolonged events exceeding 24 hours. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that rainfall duration influences the safety factor approximately eight times more than intensity. Two stabilization techniques were evaluated. Vegetation cover, modeled using the Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration method with parameters representative of tropical grasses, increased the safety factor by 4% to 32% depending on event characteristics, primarily through a gain in superficial cohesion from root reinforcement, and maintained the safety factor above 1.3 even for 24-hour events. Masonry revetments with weep holes reduced the maximum degree of saturation by approximately 20% and raised the safety factor by more than 35% during extreme events, consistently keeping slopes above the required safety threshold. These findings highlight the high sensitivity of unstabilized tropical cut slopes to rainfall infiltration and confirm the effectiveness of both vegetation and masonry revetments as context-adapted stabilization solutions.

Keywords: Rainfall-induced slope failure; Tropical lateritic soils; Transient infiltration; Limit equilibrium method; Finite element method; Slope stabilization.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/811

Enhancement of Acclimatization of in Vitro Propagated Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Plantlets, Barhi Cultivar, Using Paclobutrazol and Sorbitol

2026-07-30T17:45:27+00:00

The study was carried out in the period 2024 to 2025 in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, which is part of the Date Palm Research Center, University of Basra, to investigate the effect of using two concentrations of the growth regulator paclobutrazol (PBZ) (2 and 4 mg/L) and two concentrations of the sugar alcohol sorbitol(Sor) (5 and 10 g/L) via foliar application, and a control treatment where only distilled water was used to spray, on improving the acclimatization of Barhi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets. Findings from this research revealed that paclobutrazol and sorbitol significantly affected the acclimatization success rate. This was supported by an increase in acclimatization success rate to 90% with paclobutrazol at 4 mg/L. Additionally, the concentration enhanced fresh and dry weight, carbohydrate, and proline content in the leaves relative to the control treatment. The results also indicated that the application of (Sor) at 10g/L to the plantlets resulted in higher level of chlorophyll in comparison with the control (untreated) plantlets.

Keywords: acclimatization; Date palm; PBZ; Sor; stress; tissue culture.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/794

Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI): A Systemic Framework for the Enhancement of Cultural Heritage through Virtual and Augmented Reality in African Museums and Libraries

2026-07-30T17:50:57+00:00

The growing adoption of immersive technologies has transformed the preservation, interpretation, and dissemination of cultural heritage worldwide. While Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) have demonstrated their potential to enhance visitor engagement and learning, most existing theoretical models have been developed in technologically advanced contexts and remain insufficiently adapted to the institutional, cultural, and infrastructural realities of African museums and university libraries. This study addresses this gap by proposing Cissé's Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI), a systemic framework that integrates technological, human, institutional, and contextual dimensions into a unified model for immersive cultural heritage experiences.

A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 250 respondents drawn from the Central University Library of Cheikh Anta Diop University and the Léopold Sédar Senghor Museum in Senegal. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The measurement model was assessed in terms of reliability and validity, while the structural model was evaluated using path coefficients, bootstrapping, coefficients of determination, effect sizes and predictive relevance.

The findings indicate that interaction, cultural mediation, technological readiness and contextual adaptation significantly influence immersive experiences and visitor engagement. Unlike conventional technology-centred models, the ACMI demonstrates that the effectiveness of immersive technologies depends on the continuous interaction between technological capabilities, institutional objectives, cultural mediation and local contextual conditions. The model therefore provides a holistic explanation of how immersive experiences contribute to heritage valorisation in African cultural institutions.

This study contributes to the literature by introducing one of the first empirically validated systemic models specifically designed for African museums and university libraries. Beyond its theoretical contribution, the ACMI offers practical guidance for museum professionals, librarians, policymakers and researchers seeking to implement sustainable and culturally responsive immersive technologies.

Keywords: Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI); Virtual Reality; Augmented Reality; Cultural Heritage; Museums; University Libraries; Cultural Mediation; PLS-SEM; SmartPLS 4; Africa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/795

Perceived Workplace Autonomy Scale (PWAS): A Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation Among Moroccan Nurses

2026-08-01T12:58:12+00:00

Background: A complex profession such as nursing requires technical expertise as well as transversal skills. Nurses face multiple daily decisions, including task prioritization, time management, and maintaining constructive relationships. In this context, autonomy competency is an essential component of job performance, satisfaction, and care quality.

Aim: This study aims to examine the factor structure and internal consistency of a self-administered scale to assess nurses’ perceived autonomy competence; their belief in their own capacity to act autonomously, as distinct from structural job autonomy; as well as to identify its underlying dimensions.

Methods: A cross- sectional questionnaire was conducted with 286 nurses from three hospitals in Morocco. The scale comprised 14 items grouped into four theoretical dimensions. A clarity pre-test with five nurses was conducted to ensure comprehension and refine item wording before full administration. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine construct validity. In addition, internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis using Principal Axis Factoring, combined with parallel analysis, revealed a single underlying factor accounting for 50.1% of the total variance. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.931).

Conclusion: The study provides preliminary evidence of the scale’s internal consistency and unidimensional structure. This tool can help healthcare managers identify areas for improvement and implement continuing training to strengthen autonomy, thereby enhancing nursing practice and patient care outcomes.

Key words: Autonomy, Workplace Autonomy, competency, scale development.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/797

Microbiological profile and therapeutic management of urinary tract infections in pregnant women in Likasi, haut-Katanga (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

2026-08-02T15:26:51+00:00

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a major infectious complication during pregnancy, associated with significant obstetric and neonatal risks. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, limited access to microbiological diagnosis and rising antibiotic resistance greatly complicate their management.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, determine the microbiological profile, and analyze the antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens isolated from pregnant women in Likasi in order to optimize local antibiotic therapy.

Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted among pregnant women recruited via stratified random sampling in Likasi. Urine samples were analyzed using standardized urine culture (ECBU) at the AFRIDEX Polyclinic Laboratory. Isolation was performed according to CA-SFM/EUCAST guidelines, while identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using the automated VITEK 2 Compact system. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS.

Results: This study revealed a UTI prevalence of 43.3% in the overall population. The pregnant women had a mean age of 25.3 ± 6 years; the majority were housewives (50.0%) and were attending prenatal care (PNC) in the second trimester (74.1%), with the Panda district being the most represented (39.2%). No significant association was found between these characteristics and infection (p>0.05). The microbiological profile was dominated by *Escherichia coli* (46.2%), *Klebsiella pneumoniae* (15.4%), and *Proteus mirabilis* (9.6%). The highest susceptibility rates were observed for amikacin (76.9%), ertapenem (69.2%), and imipenem (63.5%), while vancomycin and linezolid were 100% effective against Gram-positive cocci. Conversely, high levels of resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin were observed. These results highlight the need to strengthen routine urine culture screening and update local antibiotic treatment protocols for pregnant women.

Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant women in Likasi is alarming. Given the documented critical resistance to aminopenicillins, implementing routine urine culture screening during prenatal visits and regulating empirical antibiotic therapy are essential in the region.

Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy, Microbiological profile, Antibiogram, Likasi, DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/798

Teaching socio-cultural aspects in literary texts at secondary school level: towards the development of social skills in language lessons to facilitate the learner’s smooth integration

2026-08-08T23:01:23+00:00

This study represents our modest contribution to the teaching of texts in upper secondary school classes in particular, and to all secondary school classes in general. Our foremost concern is to see secondary school French teachers develop pupils’ understanding of sociocultural aspects when teaching texts. Indeed, French teachers currently focus solely on developing linguistic aspects when teaching texts, without any reference to cultural aspects. This is why we have sought to find a solution that provides an effective response to the teaching of texts by addressing the axiological dimension, with a view to helping learners develop the attitudes and qualities necessary for successful social integration.

Keywords: Sociocultural aspects, teaching, text, critical analysis.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/801

The contribution of New Public Management to public finance governance at the MAROC: a literature review

2026-08-08T23:10:36+00:00

New Public Management (NPM) is one of the most influential paradigms in the transformation of contemporary public administrations. This systematic review examines the contribution of NPM to public financial governance through an analysis of sixty-three empirical studies published between 2000 and 2025. Our methodology is based on the PRISMA protocol for the identification, selection and analysis of documents. The results reveal that NPM contributes significantly to improving financial transparency (weighted mean effect d¯ = 0.74, 95% CI [0.58; 0.89]), the allocative efficiency of public resources (d¯ = 0.61, 95% CI [0.43; 0.79]) and accountability (d¯ = 0.82, 95% CI [0.68; 0.95]). However, the regression analysis shows that these effects are moderated by the institutional context (β = 0.34, p < 0.001), the level of economic development (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) and the duration of reform implementation (β = 0.41, p < 0.001). The study also identifies potential adverse effects, notably a reduction in equity of access to public services (d¯ = −0.23, 95% CI [−0.41; −0.05]) and an excessive increase in the complexity of decision-making processes. These results suggest that the effectiveness of the NMP depends crucially on the contextual conditions of implementation and on the ability of institutions to adapt managerial principles to the specific characteristics of the public sector.

Keywords: New Public Management, public financial governance, systematic review, meta-analysis, budgetary transparency, public performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/802

ETHICAL CONSUMPTION OF MEAT IN MOROCCO: BETWEEN HALAL-TAYYIB, TRUST, SANITARY QUALITY, ANIMAL WELFARE AND SUSTAINABILITY

2026-08-09T17:34:50+00:00

Meat consumption in Morocco is not solely a nutritional or economic choice. It stands at the crossroads of religious lawfulness, sanitary quality, trust in the seller and the supply chain, product origin, slaughter conditions, traceability and, increasingly, environmental and animal-welfare concerns. This narrative review aims to analyze the foundations of ethical meat consumption in Morocco and to compare them with the dominant frameworks in Western countries. The available literature shows that the Halal referential is a central determinant, but that a broader approach through the concept of Tayyib makes it possible to integrate wholesomeness, quality, integrity, transparency and harm prevention. In Western countries, meat ethics is more institutionalized around animal welfare, environmental footprint, reduction of meat consumption, traceability and labelling. In Morocco, these emerging dimensions combine with mechanisms of relational trust, attachment to Beldi products, and the proximity of supply circuits. An integrative model is proposed around five axes: Halal-Tayyib integrity, safety and quality, trust-traceability, socio-environmental responsibility, and animal welfare. Moroccan empirical studies are needed to measure their relative weight in purchasing behavior.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/804

ECONOMIC ISSUES OF GENERIC MEDICINES: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MOROCCO

2026-08-10T17:53:31+00:00

Introduction: Rising pharmaceutical expenditure is a major challenge for the sustainability of health systems. Generic medicines are an important lever for controlling costs, stimulating competition and improving access to treatment. However, their economic effect depends on pricing and reimbursement policies, prescribing and substitution mechanisms, the degree of competition, supply tensions, and the trust of professionals and patients. Objective: To analyse the main economic issues associated with generic medicines in the recent literature, to identify the mechanisms through which they influence prices, pharmaceutical expenditure and financial accessibility, and to discuss the implications for Morocco. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted from 1 January 2015 to 10 August 2026 in Scopus and PubMed. The Scopus query identified 855 documents (743 articles and 112 reviews), and a consolidated selection of 100 PubMed references was added. After merging, 955 records were deduplicated by title normalisation; 55 duplicates were removed, leaving 900 unique references. An initial title-based screening was applied according to economic, pharmaceutical-policy, access, prescribing and substitution criteria. Results: After deduplication, 900 unique references were examined by title. Of these, 439 were excluded and 461 were retained for abstract and/or full-text verification. Conclusion: Generic medicines represent a major lever for pharmaceutical sustainability, but their effectiveness depends on an integrated policy combining price, competition, reimbursement, prescribing, substitution, quality and availability. For Morocco, the ongoing extension of universal health coverage reinforces the relevance of such a strategy.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/805

Art Education in the Age of Digital Cultural Media: From Aesthetic Reception to Knowledge Production and Creative Participation

2026-08-12T08:06:32+00:00

This study examines the transformations that art education has undergone in the wake of the emergence of digital cultural media, as a new space for the production and circulation of culture and the reshaping of modes of reception and participation. It aims to reveal the transition that art education has undergone from a traditional model focused on the acquisition of skills and imitation to a cognitive model that makes art a field for constructing meaning, developing creative thinking and producing aesthetic knowledge.

The study adopted an analytical approach drawing on the philosophy of art, educational sciences, the psychology of reception, and digital cultural studies, in order to understand the transformations affecting the roles of learners, the nature of the artwork, and the position of the recipient within the digital environment. The findings revealed that digital cultural media is no longer merely a medium for transmitting works of art, but has become an interactive space that reshapes the relationship between the artist and the audience, transforming the recipient from a consumer of content into a participant in the production of its meanings.

The study concludes that contemporary art education is called upon to develop a new model that combines aesthetics, technology and critical thinking, transforming the learner into a cultural agent capable of producing artistic knowledge and participating in the shaping of visual culture within the digital creative community.

Keywords: art education; digital cultural media; aesthetic reception; visual culture; participatory creativity.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/809

The Authority of Criticism and Its Limits in Critiquing Authority: Abu Hayyan al Tawhidi as a Case Study

2026-08-13T10:50:48+00:00

The power of criticism is only realised in its fullest form when it springs from a writer who has lived through reality and tasted the bitterness of political tyranny; for then his criticism becomes a sincere expression of lived experience, not merely a theoretical stance. A writer who has experienced injustice and oppression under the authority of the state is better able to expose its flaws and reveal its hypocrisy. From this perspective, criticism of authority becomes a form of uprising against inequality and a voice rejecting all forms of oppression.

However, this criticism often crosses familiar boundaries, becoming more intense and fiercer, and may slip into exposing individuals and undermining their prestige, revealing them in a light that was previously concealed behind a façade of honour and prestige. This is clearly evident in the work of Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, particularly in his book *The Ethics of the Two Ministers*, in which he directed scathing criticism at political authority, employing a sharp and satirical style characterised by both boldness and bitterness.

The impact of this criticism was such that it became the talk of the town, was held deep within people’s hearts, and was revealed through their actions, despite all attempts to suppress or downplay it. Thus, al-Tawhidi demonstrates that the power of criticism, however much it is met with resistance, remains capable of exposing authority and shattering its aura.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/810

Gender Policies and Family Transformation: A Europe–Türkiye Comparison

2026-07-30T17:36:44+00:00

This study examines perceptions of how gender policies affect the family, drawing on a Europe–Türkiye comparison. It rests on a long-term, unstructured field study conducted between 2012 and 2025: the 2012–2018 period was devoted to understanding and observation, and the 2018–2025 period to systematic field interviews. The European component covered 300 people across twenty-five cities in ten countries in two separate rounds (2019 and 2024–2025); the Turkish component covered 1,500 people in four cities (Ankara, Erzurum, Istanbul, and Kocaeli); in addition, interviews with 500 citizens living in Europe who visited Türkiye informed the European fieldwork. The findings show that, although the family is valued in both societies, it is increasingly seen as fragile. The most striking result is a divergence in the perceived source of threat: in Türkiye roughly half of participants (50%) identified “legislation” as the greatest threat, whereas in Europe “sexism” (30%) and “infidelity” (25%) stood out. The erosion of trust and fidelity, the rise of dual-life and partner-swapping tendencies (from roughly 1.7% to 2.1% in Europe), and the rapid emergence in Türkiye of trends already mature in Europe together point to a convergence. The study argues that family change stems from a combination of legal, economic, cultural, digital, and demographic factors, and that family policy should therefore be designed in a multidimensional, data-driven, and non-polarizing manner. The findings are perceptual and make no causal claim; yet the comparative design renders visible how a global transformation opens different channels in different social settings.

Keywords: gender policies, the family, family stability, the Istanbul Convention and Law No. 6284, Europe–Türkiye comparison, unstructured field research.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/793

Geographic Accessibility of Neonatal Incubators in Cameroon: Current and Prospective Modelling using Cost-Distance Analysis towards the African Union Agenda 2063

2026-08-13T10:12:35+00:00

Neonatal incubators are essential tracer equipment for newborn survival, yet in much of sub-Saharan Africa their benefit is limited less by their number than by how far a newborn must travel to reach one. This study analysed the geographic accessibility of neonatal incubators across Cameroon's 210 health districts using a raster-based cost-distance analysis implemented in AccessMod 5, which models travel time to the nearest incubator-equipped facility while accounting for road network, land cover, terrain, and hydrographic barriers. Population coverage was estimated at four travel-time thresholds (½, 1, 1½, 2 hours) for the current situation (2024) and for two prospective scenarios projected to the African Union's Agenda 2063 horizon: a Catastrophic trajectory of infrastructure degradation and high population growth, and a Desirable trajectory combining road investment and targeted facility capacity-strengthening. Under the current, Status Quo situation, only 53.60% of the population was covered within half an hour, rising to 77.15% within 2 hours, 2.85 percentage points short of the WHO/Lancet Commission's 80% benchmark, with 42.86% of districts more than two hours' travel from care and marked disparity concentrated in the North-West, South-West, Far North and East regions. Under the Catastrophic scenario, 2-hour coverage was projected to fall to 67.14%, whereas the Desirable scenario raised it to 89.40%, lifting the number of WHO-compliant districts from 115 in Status Quo to 152 of 210 under that scenario. These findings show that Cameroon's neonatal incubator accessibility gap is severe but not fixed, and that targeted, spatially-informed investment in roads and facility capacity could close it well within the Agenda 2063 horizon.

Keywords: neonatal incubator, geographic accessibility, cost-distance analysis, AccessMod, Agenda 2063.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/812

The Teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville

2026-08-15T11:45:10+00:00

This article highlights the teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville, located in the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The teaching of Latin in this town is linked to evangelisation and the work of Catholic missionaries. Although considered a dead language, Latin remains a fundamental tool for linguistic, intellectual and cultural education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, aimed at preparing pupils for higher and university education, and for various professional careers. A survey of 15 teachers reveals a contradiction, if not a paradox: whilst today’s teachers are better qualified than those of the 1980s and early 1990s (thanks, of course, to the establishment of the ISP Bandundu in the 1990s), the standard and performance of learners in Latin have declined considerably. The study outlines some of the causes of this underperformance.

Keywords: Teaching of Latin, Bandundu-Ville, decline in pupils’ standards, usefulness of Latin, documentation.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/813

The Recruitment of Representatives for Public Enterprises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-08-15T11:41:18+00:00

This study analyses the process of recruiting and appointing directors of public enterprises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It highlights the gap between legal requirements based on competence and meritocracy and appointment practices that are often influenced by political considerations. Using a qualitative, descriptive and analytical approach based on a literature review and the analysis of data relating to 150 executives, the study examines their profiles, their methods of appointment and certain aspects relating to governance. The results reveal, in particular, a strong male predominance (90.67 per cent), a significant concentration in the transport sector and a predominance of appointment method 1 (82 per cent). The study thus highlights the need to strengthen transparency, meritocracy, performance evaluation and the professionalisation of the recruitment process in order to improve the governance and efficiency of Congolese public enterprises.

Keywords: Public enterprises; recruitment; public officials; appointment; governance; meritocracy; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/814

Domestic violence and the mental health of male victims in Goma

2026-08-15T12:15:53+00:00

This study demonstrates that domestic violence in Goma, although largely underreported by men (85.7 per cent), is a major determinant of the deterioration of their mental health (U = 2.000; p = 0.001). The analyses reveal a very strong positive correlation (ρ/rho = 0.904) between the intensity of abuse and the severity of psychological disorders, with a substantial effect size (r = 0.58). Multiple regression modelling identifies psychological violence as the most significant predictor (β = 0.561; p < 0.001), surpassing economic violence. These results highlight the harmful impact of emotional abuse and call for official recognition of male victimisation, as well as the roll-out of psychological support services free from gender bias.

Keywords: Domestic violence; Mental health; Male victims; Mental disorders.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/815

Digital finance and economic growth in CEPGL countries: a dynamic analysis using Panel data (2000–2024)

2026-08-15T13:20:24+00:00

The digital transformation of financial systems is one of the major shifts in contemporary economies and is attracting growing interest in developing countries, where shortcomings in traditional banking coexist with the rapid spread of digital technologies. Digital finance is thus likely to improve access to financial services, reduce transaction costs, facilitate payments and enhance the efficiency of financial intermediation. However, its effects on economic growth remain contingent on the quality of digital infrastructure, the level of human capital, the institutional and regulatory environment, and its integration with the financing of productive activity. This article analyses the effect of the development of digital finance on economic growth in the countries of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) – namely the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi – over the period 2000–2024. The study utilises panel data and a composite index of digital finance development (ISFD), supplemented by variables relating to information and communication technologies (ICT), digital financial education (FinEduDig), public-private partnerships in ICT (PPP_ICT) and the money supply. The econometric strategy is based successively on stationarity tests, Kao’s cointegration test, the estimation of an ARDL panel model, and robustness and causality tests. The results highlight the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables studied, but do not confirm the hypothesis of a positive and statistically significant effect of the development of digital finance on economic growth. The research hypothesis is therefore rejected. This seemingly paradoxical result is, however, qualified by the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, which reveals a unidirectional causality from the development of digital finance towards economic growth, with a probability associated with the Z-bar statistic of 0.0319. The null hypothesis of non-causality is thus rejected at the 5 per cent significance level. These results suggest that digital finance has real potential for economic transformation, but that this potential remains insufficiently translated into aggregate growth in CEPGL countries. The article therefore advocates an integrated policy combining the development of digital and energy infrastructure, financial inclusion, financial and digital literacy, improved regulation, and the channelling of financial innovation towards productive investment.

Keywords: Digital finance; economic growth; ARDL model using panel data; cointegration; causality; CEPGL; financial inclusion.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/816

The quality of financial reporting, accounting errors and fraud, and the sustainability of SMEs an empirical analysis of SMEs in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-08-17T14:31:31+00:00

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remain constantly exposed to accounting errors and fraud. If left undetected, these irregularities can undermine the reliability of financial information, lead to a biased representation of the entity’s financial position, encourage inappropriate decision-making and jeopardise their long-term viability.

The aim of this research is to empirically analyse the relationships between the quality of financial reporting, accounting errors and fraud, detection and prevention mechanisms, and the sustainability of SMEs in the context of the city of Kinshasa. To achieve this aim, a mixed-methods approach was adopted. The qualitative study was conducted with six chartered accountants, whilst the quantitative survey involved 113 respondents from the audited SMEs.

The results obtained demonstrate the existence of several accounting irregularities in SMEs. They also indicate that detection and prevention mechanisms do indeed contribute to improving the quality of financial reporting, which in turn has a significant positive effect on the sustainability of SMEs.

Keywords: financial reporting, quality of financial reporting, accounting errors, accounting fraud, detection and prevention mechanisms, sustainability of SMEs, Kinshasa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/827

Financing the ecological transition in Morocco: a comparative analysis of green bonds and sustainable bank credit

2026-08-17T14:42:24+00:00

This research investigates the trade-offs between green bonds and sustainable bank credit as mechanisms for financing the ecological transition of Moroccan firms. Based on a qualitative and comparative analysis of academic literature, institutional documentation, and regulatory frameworks, the study examines four key dimensions: accessibility, costs and incentives, reporting requirements, and contractual flexibility. The findings indicate that green bonds are better suited for large-scale enterprises possessing the requisite organizational and informational capabilities. Conversely, sustainable bank credit offers broader accessibility, particularly for SMEs and mid-tier companies, albeit subject to rigorous solvency constraints, ESG monitoring, and compliance standards. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the existence of a "greenium" cannot be directly substantiated within the Moroccan market based on the corpus examined. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the optimal financing choice is contingent upon both the firm’s specific characteristics and the broader institutional environment.

Keywords: Sustainable finance; green bonds; sustainable bank credit; ecological transition; ESG; Moroccan firms.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/828

Psychological burden of chronic diseases and quality of life: A Narrative review

2026-08-17T14:47:47+00:00

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic diseases on the quality of life of patients, comprehend the psychological implications of these diseases, and review the literature.

Materials and methods: Narrative review using PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, ScienceDirect Medline (2014–2024) BMC database and Cochrane Library with search terms included chronic diseases, psychological impact, quality of sleep and life, psychological distress. After screening, 32 of the studies were included.

Results and discussion: Depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social isolation frequently coexist with chronic disease. These emotional tolls may contribute to physical symptoms while diminishing the effectiveness of treatment.

Conclusion: Providing psychological support is important in the management of chronic disease. Tailoring interventions can improve patients' quality of life and should be considered in research and public health initiatives.

Keywords: Chronic disease, mental health, quality of life, sleep disorder, public health.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/829

Climate Vulnerability and Mining Pressure on the Local Agricultural Economy: An Analysis of Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts in the Village of Kawama (Lualaba, DRC)

2026-08-18T15:08:46+00:00

This study analyses the combined effects of climate vulnerability and mining pressure on the local agricultural economy in the village of Kawama, Lualaba Province. The aim is to assess the influence of these factors on agricultural performance, the socio-economic conditions of households and environmental degradation. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative data collected from 394 farming households selected using stratified probability sampling. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression model. The results show that 72 per cent of households are exposed to drought and 68 per cent to erratic rainfall, leading to a decline in agricultural yields of up to 41 per cent. Mining pressure results in soil degradation (81 per cent), water pollution (74 per cent), the presence of mining dust (77 per cent) and a reduction in agricultural land (69 per cent). The correlations reveal a significant negative relationship between agricultural production, climate vulnerability (r = -0.62) and mining pressure (r = -0.71). The regression model (R² = 0.68) shows that these two factors account for 68 per cent of the variability in agricultural yields. The study concludes that the interaction between climate change and mining expansion poses a long-term threat to agricultural productivity, food security and the resilience of rural households, highlighting the need for integrated policies on environmental management, the restoration of degraded land and the adaptation of agriculture to climate change.

Keywords: Climate vulnerability, mining pressure, agriculture, Kawama, Lualaba.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/833

Artificial intelligence algorithms for supply chain resilience and performance: Bibliometric and thematic analysis (2015 – April 2026)

2026-08-21T10:20:18+00:00

Artificial intelligence is increasingly seen as a catalyst for designing resilient and sustainable supply chains in the context of shocks (pandemics, geopolitical crises, price spikes). The main types of algorithms and systems used are: machine learning, supervised learning algorithms, unsupervised learning algorithms, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing algorithms.

The main objective of this paper is to map artificial intelligence algorithms, following a methodology in the form of a systematic review covering the period 2015 – April 2026. It is based on a quantitative approach using the R bibliometrix package, in a corpus of 288 documents referenced in Scopus.

The results show through bibliometric analyses: keyword co-occurrence analysis the emergence of four clusters: machine learning and prediction techniques, artificial intelligence and supply chain resilience, risk management, decision-making, sustainable logistics, and the circular economy. The thematic analysis presents five main themes: decision-making behavioral research, decision support systems, machine learning systems, logistic regression, decision support systems, deep learning risk assessment, artificial intelligence, and supply chain management.

Keywords: Bibliometric Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Supply Chain Resilience, Supply Chain Performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/837