International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of sellers on occupational risk prevention of paint-based chemical products at the baluba market in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-10-13T17:28:07+00:00

Background: The marketing of paint-based chemical products in urban markets of Kinshasa raises major public health and occupational safety concerns. Sellers, often poorly informed about the risks associated with these products, are exposed to multiple health hazards, including chemical, biological, and radiological/nuclear (CBRN) risks.

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of paint-based chemical product sellers regarding occupational risk prevention at the Baluba Market, Bandalungwa commune, Kinshasa.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from February 16 to July 16, 2024, among 75 sellers selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a questionnaire guide, then analysed by descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) with Excel 2010 and bivariate analysis (Pearson's Chi-square, Cramér's V) with SPSS 26.0. The acceptability criterion was set at 50%.

Results: The majority of respondents were men (65%), married (35%), with a mean age of 35 years. Secondary education level predominated (57%). While 97% of sellers recognized chemical risks, only 31% had received training on product hazards. Only 35% had adequate personal protective equipment (PPE). The main health problems reported were fatigue after inhalation (30%), abdominal pain (19%), headaches (16%), vomiting (12%), and dizziness (8%). Bivariate analysis revealed that education level (p = 0.028) and training received (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the availability of adequate PPE. Identified CBRN risks included: chemical risks (exposure to solvents and VOCs, lack of labeling, inappropriate storage), biological risks (microbial proliferation, bacterial resistance), and potential radiological/nuclear risks (natural radionuclides in mineral pigments).

Conclusion: Baluba Market sellers have limited knowledge and inadequate safety practices, exposing them to significant occupational and CBRN risks. Training, awareness, and PPE provision programs are essential. CoE-CBRN/DRC and public structures are called upon to play a central role in managing these risks.

Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, practices, sellers, paints, occupational risks, CBRN risks, Baluba Market, Kinshasa.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/988

Assessment of material and technological resources for the teaching and learning of programming languages on the first-year computer science degree programme in Lubumbashi

2026-10-08T16:40:21+00:00

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the material and technological resources deployed for the teaching and learning of programming in the first-year computer science degree programme in Lubumbashi. The methodology is based on a survey and a literature review involving a sample of 514 students (representing 36.53 per cent of the enrolled population) and 12 lecturers across 10 institutions. Data analysis was carried out using Excel and R software. The results highlight structural shortcomings regarding computer laboratories and access to the internet. In conclusion, the lack of suitable equipment and limited access to the network prevent students from using Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) with ease. This infrastructural shortfall results in inadequate training, which limits self-directed learning and the competitiveness of future IT professionals.

Keywords: Computer Science Pedagogy, Programming Language, Technological Resources, Lubumbashi, Integrated Development Environment.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/976

Analysis of Programming Languages and Teaching Methodologies in the First-Year Computer Science Degree Programme in Lubumbashi

2026-10-09T13:08:43+00:00

This article examines the dynamics of teaching programming languages in Lubumbashi, focusing on identifying the languages taught and the chosen teaching methodologies. Using a descriptive survey method, data were collected from 514 students and 12 lecturers across 10 higher education institutions. The results reveal a strong reliance on traditional languages such as C and Visual Basic 6.0, despite students’ preferences for more modern tools such as Java or Python. Furthermore, the study highlights a predominance of interrogative and demonstrative methods, whilst modern active learning strategies remain largely underutilised. The findings suggest a disconnect between the national curriculum and global technological trends, calling for an urgent update to teaching practices.

Keywords: Programming language, Teaching methodology, Didactics, Higher education, Lubumbashi.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/977

Integration of an intelligent humanoid system into road traffic management at the Roads Agency: An approach based on DevOps knowledge-based systems and Big Data technologies

2026-10-09T13:13:33+00:00

Road traffic management requires information that is rapid, reliable and actionable for operational managers. This article proposes an architecture to support road surveillance, combining a humanoid device, a knowledge base, artificial intelligence models, a Big Data platform and a DevOps/MLOps pipeline. The approach falls within the scope of Design Science Research and comprises a targeted literature review, the formulation of requirements, architectural design and the definition of an evaluation protocol. The proposed system integrates field perception, edge processing, event ingestion, hybrid inference and human supervision. The numerical evaluation is limited to illustrative values and a fictitious confusion matrix comprising 1,000 events. Recalculation of this matrix yields an accuracy of 91.00 per cent, a precision of 91.11 per cent, a recall of 89.13 per cent and an F1 score of 90.11 per cent. These values demonstrate the calculation of the indicators, without establishing the operational effectiveness of the system. The analysis highlights the benefits of gradual integration and the need to compare the humanoid’s specific contribution with that of a fixed installation. The main contribution is a traceable design framework for road decision support. Its validation requires local data, reproducible trials, a controlled comparison and clarification of institutional responsibilities.

Keywords: Intelligent humanoid system; road traffic; knowledge-based system; artificial intelligence; Big Data; DevOps; MLOps; human supervision; Office des Routes.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/978

Designing Educational Technologies for Absenteeism: Iterative Development of an Inclusive Language-Learning Platform

2026-10-11T12:52:42+00:00

Purpose: This study reports the iterative design of a learning platform addressing structural absenteeism at a Moroccan open-access university, examining how design decisions aligned with Universal Design for Learning (UDL).

Approach: Following a design and development research (DDR) logic with ADDIE stages, a platform was deployed to 353 students and revised across four phases over one semester, each informed by the preceding one.

Findings: Personalised learning paths and simplified navigation (phase 2), progress visualisation and collaborative tools (phase 3) accounted for the largest engagement shifts. These decisions advanced representation, action/expression and engagement, though accessibility features for sensory and motor disabilities remained absent throughout.

Implications: The findings illustrate a shift from builder-centred to user-centred design, offer a transferable account of what iterative design can achieve for engagement, and specify what UDL-compliant redesign would still require.

Keywords: design and development research; iterative design; open-access higher education; platform design; universal design for learning.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/979

Crisis communication and forest fires in northern Morocco: the public authority in residents’ narratives

2026-10-11T13:01:05+00:00

The forest fires that struck northern Morocco in 2021 and 2022 triggered a major emergency response, yet the place of the public authority in the experience of affected populations remains understudied. This article examines the crisis communication of the National Agency for Water and Forests (ANEF) from the residents’ point of view. It draws on eighteen personal experience narratives collected in 2024 in the provinces of Chefchaouen, Larache and Al Hoceima, analysed through thematic content analysis. The findings show that the ANEF is never named by the narrators. Local authorities receive all of the institutional recognition, while village solidarity dominates the narratives. No narrative reports an institutional warning received before the fire reached the village, nor any psychological support after the crisis, even though the after-effects described are long-lasting. We interpret this as a gap in the post-crisis phase: public communication, focused on mass prevention and technical intervention, leaves without a counterpart population whose foremost need is to be listened to. The article concludes with recommendations for a proximity-based communication that includes support for victims.

Keywords: crisis communication, public communication, forest fires, life narrative, ANEF, resilience, Morocco.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/980

Water and the Body in Pre-colonial Southern Benin: Hygiene Practices, Personal Care and Social Representations (17th–19th centuries)

2026-10-11T16:09:17+00:00

This article analyses hygiene and personal care practices in societies in southern Benin between the 17th and 19th centuries. It examines how these practices shed light on attitudes towards the body, water, cleanliness, beauty and social norms. It is primarily based on the accounts of European travellers and missionaries, supplemented by historical and ethnographic studies; a critical analysis of these sources allows for the observers’ own perspectives to be taken into account. The analysis shows that water and bathing played an important role in personal hygiene, with frequency determined by access to water resources. It also highlights the use of soap, plant fibres, oils, ointments and plant-based sticks for skin, hair and oral care. These practices were not solely aimed at cleanliness and health, but also contributed to the pursuit of beauty, self-presentation and compliance with social norms. Practices relating to menstruation and the care of clothing further reveal the existence of social and symbolic rules governing the body and the importance of women’s labour in the transmission of domestic skills. The study thus links the uses of water and personal care, the social regulation of the female body and oral hygiene practices, and the care of clothing and domestic responsibilities, in order to demonstrate that hygiene was a phenomenon that was at once material, social, cultural and symbolic.

Keywords: pre-colonial southern Benin, personal hygiene, water, body care, social norms.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/981

Women’s agency in traditional peace negotiation forums and the prospects for substantive democracy in Uvira, South Kivu

2026-10-11T16:23:33+00:00

Women’s agency has been evident in local peace-building spaces for three decades in eastern DR Congo, following a succession of conflicts. Different sections of the population, particularly women, have developed resilience in the face of violence and social injustices arising from a lack of respect for gender equality in the public sphere. This concept of capabilities, the commons and care effectively explain the extent of social inequalities and the degree to which women and other marginalised groups are included in local arenas. This concept enables women to develop their capacity for action in order to circumvent obstacles and dismantle the constraints perpetuated by patriarchy.

The vision of a substantive democracy must indeed be built and sustained by the emergence of endogenous practices and women’s capacity to act with complete autonomy and freedom. Women’s access to local peace-building forums facilitates the development of their capabilities whilst drawing on the commons—namely peace and security—which society as a whole need to protect. Caring for all sections of the population means, precisely, supporting the social inclusion of marginalised groups. Women’s political participation in the management of local peace-building structures enables them to take action and make decisions that have an impact not only on their own lives but on society as a whole. This study seeks to understand the trajectories of women’s resilience in the mobilisation of the three Cs – the commons, capabilities and care – in order to advance towards substantive democracy. It advocates for social justice and analyses the level of women’s inclusion in local peace negotiation forums. To collect empirical data on women’s actions and interpret these actions in terms of female agency in Uvira, semi-structured interviews and life narratives were conducted with s of local peace committees. The selection of women leaders was carried out using the snowball sampling technique.

Keywords: Female agency, traditional arenas, substantive democracy, gender equality.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/982

Evolution of metabolic diseases in urban areas and dietary habits as risk factors in Bouaké (Ivory Coast)

2026-10-12T12:43:36+00:00

This text explores the association between dietary behaviors and metabolic diseases based on the perception of local urban communities of their daily diet and the experience of treatment and monitoring of metabolic diseases by health professionals in the health district of Bouaké. The Bouake’s field is translated here as both a space with contours defined by the IPORA research, from which the data studied are extracted, and a social and economic space which positions itself as a mother city in the concentration of food supply, networking and flows and a reference city in the care of local diabetic patients and surrounding towns. Based on a mixed study with a qualitative tendency, the study is structured around three specific results. First, it highlights the evolution of metabolic diseases in the city of Bouaké, then, it describes the eating habits of the communities living in this city. Finally, she studies the relationship between these urban eating habits and metabolic diseases. Ultimately, the article notes that the evolution of these diseases can be associated with urban eating habits which prioritize low quality products (unhealthy), few fruits and vegetables, as well as basic products (essentially energy).

Keywords: Eating behaviors, Metabolic diseases, Bouake, Ivory Coast.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/984

On the existence, uniqueness and regularity of strong solutions to a stochastic 2D

2026-10-13T14:32:27+00:00

A bounded domain of R 2 is used to investigate a stochastic coupled model of the Allen-Cahn equations and the stochastic magnetohydrodynamic equations. The model consists of the Allen-Cahn equation, Navier-Stokes equations and Maxwell equations (magnetic field) which are nonlinearly coupled through convection, stresses and Lorentz forces and expatiates the flow of the mixture of two incompressible, immiscible fluids under the influence of an electomagnetic field with stochastic perturbations. We demonstrate the existence, uniqueness and regularity of a strong solution. The method used is based on the Galerkin approximation, the stopping time technique and some feeble convergence principles in functional analysis.

Keywords: Stochastic, Magnetohydrodynamic, Allen-Cahn, Strong solution, Galerkin approximation.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/985

Multiple-choice questions as a means of assessment in the face of generative AI: a Python analysis of master’s students’ perceptions

2026-10-13T14:39:23+00:00

The justifiable multiple-choice question, which requires students to select an answer and then justify it, is often presented as a defence against the unauthorised use of generative AI. This case study focuses on 41 of the 50 Master’s students at the Higher School of Education and Training (Ibnou Zohr University) who sat an exam in this format (response rate: 82 per cent). Data from a mixed-methods questionnaire were processed using a reproducible analysis pipeline in Python: descriptive statistics, reliability, non-parametric tests, k-means clustering and automated analysis of open-ended responses. The students recognise the format’s high educational value (71 per cent believe it forces them to understand better; α = 0.85), but only 25 per cent consider it more difficult to circumvent using AI (Wilcoxon, p < 0.001, r = 0.62). This scepticism is shared by both identified profiles and does not depend on the frequency of AI use. Students attribute the resistance to the contextual nature of the questions (7 per cent consider a question relating to classroom experience to be vulnerable) and the majority suggest redesigning the tasks rather than increasing supervision (71 per cent versus 22 per cent).

Keywords: Justification-based multiple-choice questions; generative AI; academic integrity; authentic assessment; educational data analysis; Python; case study.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/986

Online discussion forums as tools for developing students’ soft skills: the mediating role of community knowledge

2026-10-13T15:05:37+00:00

Higher education institutions are now under pressure to produce graduates who, in addition to subject-specific knowledge, have mastered a range of cross-disciplinary skills — such as communication, critical thinking and collaboration — collectively referred to as ‘soft skills’. The widespread adoption of digital learning platforms, accelerated by the COVID-19 health crisis, has placed discussion forums at the heart of the everyday student experience, yet their actual contribution to the development of these skills has not been sufficiently documented. This article examines the relationship between participation in a forum and the development of these three skills, positing the hypothesis that this relationship is not direct but mediated by the emergence of communal knowledge — that is, a collective construct negotiated within a learning community.

The study is based on a re-analysis of the corpus we compiled as part of doctoral research focusing on the ways in which knowledge is constructed and validated in digital environments. This corpus brings together three contrasting platforms: a university MOOC, a Moodle platform linked to a bachelor’s degree module, and an informal Facebook group for learning French. The categories of discourse developed during the initial research were recoded as indicators of cross-curricular skills, and then compared across the different contexts.

The results show that participation does not automatically lead to the development of skills. In the informal, unmoderated setting, 76 per cent of contributions fall within the playful and socio-emotional register: sociability develops without the exercise of critical thinking. In the formal, lightly scripted setting, interactions remain declarative, and only the transition to a shared writing space triggers genuine collaboration. In the heavily scripted setting, all three skills are evident, but only amongst an active minority. The distinguishing factor is neither the technology nor the volume of exchanges, but the existence of a shared object of knowledge on which participants agree to negotiate.

Keywords: discussion forum; soft skills; community knowledge; collaborative learning; socio-cognitive conflict; socio-technical mediation.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/987

The adoption of artificial intelligence in internal audit: determinants, uses and challenges – a systematic review of the literature based on Prisma

2026-10-08T16:37:01+00:00

The integration of artificial intelligence into internal audit is progressing rapidly, driven by developments in machine learning, predictive analytics, natural language processing and, more recently, generative artificial intelligence. This study aims to systematically analyse the determinants of AI adoption in internal audit; its main uses and the challenges associated with its integration. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering the period 2015–2026. Following identification, deduplication, screening and eligibility assessment, 35 studies were selected for analysis. The results show that the adoption of AI depends primarily on technological maturity, data quality, auditors’ skills, organisational support, governance and trust in the systems. Its main applications relate to risk assessment, anomaly detection, task automation, continuous auditing, document analysis and decision support. The main challenges relate to governance, explainability, reliability, skills, human oversight and data protection. The review highlights the multidimensional nature of AI adoption and emphasises the importance of aligning technologies, human capabilities and governance mechanisms to ensure controlled integration within the internal audit function.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Internal audit; Technology adoption; Generative artificial intelligence; Systematic review.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/975

The impact of continuous professional development on the development of pedagogical practices among educational staff in Pioneering Schools

2026-10-14T10:21:45+00:00

This study examines the impact of continuous professional development on the improvement of pedagogical practices among educational staff working in Morocco’s Pioneering Schools. Within the framework of ongoing educational reforms, the research focuses on the contribution of professional training to teachers’ competencies, classroom effectiveness, and the implementation of innovative teaching approaches, particularly Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) and explicit schools. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, combining quantitative data collected through questionnaires with qualitative insights from focus group discussions and field observations. The research involved 200 educational staff members from primary schools located in the regional directorates of Taza, Taounate, Moulay Yacoub, and El Hajeb, within the Fez-Meknes Regional Academy of Education and Training. The findings indicate that continuous professional development contributes to strengthening teachers’ professional knowledge, improving their pedagogical competencies, and supporting the implementation of learner-centred teaching practices. In particular, 60% of respondents reported significant improvements in their professional knowledge following training, while 70% benefited from training covering both TaRL and explicit teaching approaches. Nevertheless, the study identifies several challenges, including disparities in training duration, variations in training conditions, and differences in participants’ satisfaction with the programmes. The research highlights the importance of sustained professional support, needs-based training, and systematic evaluation to enhance the effectiveness of continuing professional development. It concludes that strengthening professional development mechanisms is essential for improving pedagogical practices and supporting the successful implementation of the Pioneering Schools reform in Morocco.

Keywords: Continuous Professional Development; Pedagogical Practices; Pioneering Schools; Teacher Training; Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL); Explicit Teaching; Educational Reform; Professional Competencies; Quality of Education; Morocco.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/989

Assessment of radiological exposure levels in the artisanal mining sector and victim management: a case study of Lualaba province, Democratic Republic of Congo

2026-10-14T11:40:17+00:00

Background. Artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo exposes workers to largely unrecognized radiological risks.

Objective. To assess ionizing radiation exposure levels, miners' knowledge and practices, and the health system's capacity to manage victims in Lualaba Province.

Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from December 2025 to March 2026. A total of 110 artisanal miners from three sites — Kolwezi (n = 34), Lubudi (n = 32), and Mutshatsha (n = 44) — and 10 health professionals were included. Dosimetric measurements used a Saphydose-N survey meter (µSv/h) and an Inspector Alert scintillometer (Bq/cm²). Standardized questionnaires assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Statistical analyses used χ² or Fisher's exact test, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, and multivariable binary logistic regressions. Significance was set at p < .05.

Results. Mean ambient dose was 2.45 ± 1.23 µSv/h (maximum: 8.90 µSv/h in Lubudi), approximately 10 times the local background (0.24 µSv/h). Mean surface contamination on hands was 0.85 ± 0.55 Bq/cm² (maximum: 2.40 Bq/cm²). No miner wore radiation-specific personal protective equipment (PPE). Ignorance of radiation existence concerned 71.8% of miners (79/110), with a significant difference between sites, χ²(2, N = 110) = 10.30, p = .006. Respiratory symptoms were most frequent (42.7%). In multivariable analysis, working in Lubudi (OR = 4.97; 95% CI [1.82, 13.56]; p = .002) and extracting uranium (OR = 6.34; 95% CI [2.01, 20.00]; p = .001) were independent risk factors for high exposure (> 3 µSv/h). Low education level was the only factor associated with risk unawareness (OR = 3.45; 95% CI [1.45, 8.21]; p = .005). Among health workers, 80% were unaware of the 20 mSv/year regulatory limit, no radiological accident management protocol existed, and the mean hospital preparedness score was 2/20 (10%).

Conclusion. Artisanal miners in Lualaba are exposed to dangerously high radiation levels, in a context of massive risk unawareness and a totally inadequate health system. An integrated model of prevention, dosimetric surveillance, and emergency medical training is proposed.

Keywords: natural radiation; uranium; artisanal miners; dosimetry; health system; Lualaba; Democratic Republic of Congo; logistic regression.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/990

Management of household waste in Kinshasa: administrative coordination, political choices, and perception of health and CBRN risks by local stakeholders

2026-10-14T11:51:15+00:00

This study analyzes the administrative coordination mechanisms and political choices structuring household waste management in Kinshasa between 2021 and 2025, as well as the differentiated perceptions of health and CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) risks by stakeholders. A mixed-methods approach was used across nine communes: a questionnaire survey of 900 households, semi-structured interviews with 45 administrative officers, 45 informal waste pickers, and 18 non-governmental organizations. Quantitative data were processed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman correlation. Results show that administrative fragmentation remains a major limiting factor, with 71.1% of officers reporting jurisdictional overlaps (χ²(2, N = 45) = 12.18, p = .002). Political choices favor emergency evacuation (66% of budget) over preventive awareness (14%). Perceptions of health and CBRN risks differ significantly among stakeholders (H(3) = 48.92, p < .001), with informal waste pickers reporting the highest scores (M = 4.08) and administrative officers the lowest (M = 2.68). The CBRN dimension, although marginalized in institutional discourse, emerges as a concern among informal waste pickers exposed to diffuse hazardous waste. The study recommends establishing a formalized coordination framework, systematically integrating risk assessment into budget allocation, and developing specific streams for diffuse hazardous waste.

Keywords: Household waste; Kinshasa; Administrative coordination; Public policy; Risk perception; CBRN.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/991

Chemical risks from petroleum products due to the proliferation of service stations in Kinshasa: a governance and safety compliance assessment

2026-10-14T12:07:11+00:00

Purpose: This study investigates why regulatory safety standards for service stations in Kinshasa are systematically violated despite the existence of a clear legal framework. It reframes non-compliance not as a knowledge gap but as a governance and enforcement failure, and assesses the managerial implications for regulatory authorities.

Literature Review: Prior Congolese studies (Ntongama et al., 2025; Benza, 2018) documented environmental and health risks from service stations but did not analyse the enforcement mechanisms that permit non-compliance to persist. International research on regulatory governance indicates that inspection effectiveness depends on unannounced visits, proportionate sanctions, and organisational independence from regulated entities.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were collected from 40 operational service stations across four Kinshasa municipalities (Masina, Kalamu, Lemba, Ngaliema) using structured questionnaires, direct observation grids, and physical distance measurements. Compliance was assessed against Decree No. 16/010 (100 m from residential buildings, 500 m between stations). Statistical tests included Pearson correlation, chi-square, ANOVA, linear regression, and Cramér's V (α = 0.05).

Findings: Seventy percent of stations violated the 100 m legal distance. Individual safety (PPE use) averaged 54%, and facility safety averaged 57.5%, with no significant variation across municipalities (χ² = 5.60, p = 0.132; F = 2.45, p = 0.081). Proximity strongly correlated with fire risk (r = 0.89, p = 0.011). Crowd management was the strongest predictor of reduced fire risk (β = −0.72, p = 0.004, R² = 0.52). All managers reported regular state inspections, yet non-compliance persisted.

Originality: This is the first study to treat service station non-compliance in Kinshasa as a governance problem, providing quantitative evidence that inspections are ineffective and identifying crowd management as an under-leveraged managerial intervention. It advances a control-failure framework applicable to other regulated sectors in weak-institution environments.

Research Limitations: The sample covers 46% of registered stations in four of 24 municipalities. Chemical analyses of air, soil, and groundwater were not performed. Inspection and incident data are declarative.

Theoretical/Practical/Social Implications: The findings support a regulatory governance perspective in which compliance depends not on rule existence but on inspection credibility. Practically, the study proposes priority managerial actions: unannounced inspections, sanctions proportional to turnover, mandatory crowd management protocols, and inspector training. Socially, it documents an avoidable risk to densely populated urban communities.

Keywords: regulatory governance, safety compliance, service stations, risk management, Kinshasa, CBRN risks, statistical analysis.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/992

The impact of global warming on Cassava production in the Kalunga, Loatshi and Lusanza sectors, Luiza territory, in Kasaï Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-10-14T12:32:01+00:00

Cassava is the main food crop in the Luiza territory (Kasaï Central, DR Congo), but its production is threatened by global warming.

The aim of this study is to analyse farmers’ perceptions of climate change, its impacts on cassava production and adaptation strategies in the Kalunga, Loatshi and Lusanza sectors of the Luiza territory.

The methodology of this study involved a descriptive cross-sectional survey of farmers (63 in Kalunga, 63 in Loatshi and 64 in Lusanza) selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square test (significance level p > 0.05).

The results were as follows: 87.9 per cent of farmers perceived an increase in heat and 83.2 per cent a delay in the rains. The main impacts cited were a decline in yield (90.0 per cent), of which 61.4 per cent estimated the decline to be more than 50 per cent (Table 3a), an increase in mosaic disease (72.6 per cent) and tuber rot (65.3 per cent).

The main adaptation strategies involve delaying the sowing date (62.1 per cent), whilst only 9.5 per cent use improved cuttings. The lack of adaptation is linked to unavailability (68.0 per cent; see Table 4a). The top priority is access to improved cuttings (58.4 per cent).

The chi-squared test shows no significant difference between the three sectors (P > 0.05 for all variables, Table 5), indicating uniform exposure.

In short, global warming affects cassava production uniformly across the Luiza region as a whole and in the three sectors surveyed. Improving access to improved, climate-tolerant cuttings and climate information is essential.

keywords: global warming, cassava, farmers’ perceptions, adaptation, Luiza, DR Congo.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/993

CBRN risk management in school sanitary facilities in Kinshasa: a documentary review of health risks and assessment perspectives

2026-10-15T07:34:26+00:00

Purpose: This documentary review critically synthesises knowledge on chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) risk management in school sanitary facilities in Kinshasa, and proposes assessment perspectives prior to sample collection. It reframes school sanitation deficiencies as a governance and management problem rather than a purely technical public health issue.

Methodology/Approach: A systematic documentary search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and documentation from WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, and Congolese national institutions (1980–2026). Keywords included school sanitation, WASH, CBRN risks, Kinshasa, hygiene, water quality, and health risks. A thematic analysis organised the material into five axes: state of facilities; documented health risks; potential CBRN risks; regulatory and institutional framework; and assessment perspectives.

Findings: Only 54% of Kinshasa schools have a water point (73% urban vs 23% peri-urban; p = 0.000). Latrine coverage is 96.88%, but only 3.6% are considered hygienic. Identified CBRN risks include chemical risks (chlorinated cleaning products, heavy metals in water and soil), biological risks (enteric pathogens, microbial proliferation, antimicrobial resistance), and potential radiological risks (natural radionuclides in groundwater). Degraded facilities act as contamination hotspots, exposing students to urogenital infections, diarrhoeal diseases, and typhoid fever.

Practical implications: The study provides a prioritisation matrix to guide resource allocation by educational and health authorities, and proposes a stepwise sampling protocol (preliminary characterisation, sample collection, analysis and interpretation) applicable to Kinshasa schools. It argues that managerial accountability and WASH budgeting are the primary levers for risk reduction.

Originality/value: This is the first review to integrate the CBRN dimension into the management analysis of school sanitary facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, offering an actionable framework for decision-makers.

Keywords: school sanitary facilities, CBRN risks, Kinshasa, WASH governance, school health, risk management.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/994

Health risks associated with sodium hypochlorite solution use in human settlements: a case study of the Khartoum neighborhood, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo — regulatory and legal perspectives

2026-10-15T07:41:33+00:00

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is widely used in human settlements for cleaning and disinfection due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, inappropriate use poses significant health risks and raises regulatory and legal compliance issues. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sodium hypochlorite use among residents of the Khartoum neighborhood, Ngiri-Ngiri commune, Kinshasa, DRC, and analyzed the applicable regulatory and legal framework. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted from February to June 2025 among 230 respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Cramér's V). A documentary analysis of the regulatory and legal framework was also performed. Results showed that 57% of respondents were male, and 43% had secondary education. The mean knowledge score for individual preventive measures was 44%, while collective preventive measures scored 39.5%. Waste management practices included burial (34%), street dumping (23%), incineration (19%), bin disposal (15%), and watercourse dumping (9%). The main health complaints reported were fatigue after inhalation (45%), abdominal pain (14%), headaches (12%), vomiting (9%), dizziness (6%), eye irritation (5%), cough (4%), colds (3%), and skin irritation (2%). Only 10% of respondents used appropriate personal protective equipment. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between education level and knowledge of preventive measures (p < 0.001), between knowledge and waste management practices (p = 0.003), and between PPE use and reported health problems (p = 0.012). Regulatory analysis revealed that 82.4% of respondents were unaware of the existence of legal texts on hygiene and sanitation, and 91.5% had never received awareness training on CBRN risks. We conclude that sodium hypochlorite use in the Khartoum neighborhood does not comply with technical or scientific standards, nor with the regulatory and legal framework in force. Community sensitization, capacity building, and law enforcement are urgently needed to reduce health and environmental risks.

Keywords: Kinshasa, sodium hypochlorite, bleach, health risks, chemical safety, waste management, regulatory framework, statistical analysis.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/995

The severity of cyberattacks in the healthcare sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo

2026-10-15T11:40:19+00:00

Information system security is a key issue for digital and technological sovereignty for any entity, organisation or even country that is ambitious and aware of the potential risks and threats arising from a constantly changing environment. The widespread and gradual digitalisation of our societies is leading us towards a world that is certainly increasingly interconnected, but which also harbours real vulnerabilities in the face of malicious actors. Whilst some organisations have taken the initiative on this issue, the fact remains that, as far as the Democratic Republic of the Congo is concerned, much remains to be done, particularly in the health sector, where the attention of digital experts has so far been largely absent.

Through this article, we aim to make our contribution to the healthcare sector, and we hope that the proposed cybersecurity measures will be implemented on a case-by-case basis in the various hospitals.

Keywords: Network security – system security, cyber security – cyber threats, healthcare.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/996

Evaluation of the teaching–learning process of the introduction to anaesthesia and resuscitation course in health institutes in the city of boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-10-16T12:48:28+00:00

Introduction: The teaching of anaesthesia and resuscitation is a key aspect of the training of professionals who will be called upon to manage life-threatening situations. This training must combine theoretical knowledge, technical skills, clinical reasoning, simulation and authentic assessment.

Objective: To evaluate the teaching and learning process of the ‘Introduction to Anaesthesia and Resuscitation’ course at health institutes in the city of Boma, by examining teaching methods, the availability of equipment, the organisation of practical sessions, assessment methods and the acquisition of skills.

Methods: A mixed-methods, descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted involving 180 students. Quantitative data were collected via a structured questionnaire and analysed using Pearson’s chi-square test at a 5 per cent significance level. Qualitative data were derived from semi-structured interviews with trainers, direct observations and a documentary analysis of syllabuses and examination papers.

Results: The ex-cathedra lecture method was predominant (68.9 per cent). The absence or inadequacy of simulation equipment affected 85.6 per cent of students, whilst 52.2 per cent had not undertaken any practical work. Assessments were exclusively written and theoretical for 73.3 per cent of students. Despite an acceptable to good level of theoretical knowledge among 76.7 per cent of respondents, 63.3 per cent demonstrated insufficient mastery of practical skills. Associations were found between teaching methods and practical proficiency (χ² = 38.42; p = 0.0001), practical work and procedural proficiency (χ² = 45.18; p < 0.001), simulation equipment and overall skills (χ² = 32.15; p = 0.0002), and between type of assessment and clinical reasoning (χ² = 18.64; p = 0.0003) were statistically significant.

Conclusion: The process studied reveals a disconnect between the transfer of knowledge and the development of practical skills. Strengthening teachers’ pedagogical training, providing access to simulation, and aligning assessments with professional competencies appear to be priority areas for improvement.

Keywords: anaesthesia and intensive care; teaching and learning; medical didactics; simulation; competency-based approach; practical skills; Boma.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/999

Impact evaluation of an information system on medical data management in a military setting: A case study of the Type-A Operational Medical Centre of the 151st Kinshasa Naval Base (OMC-A)

2026-10-17T13:56:36+00:00

The effective management of medical data is a major challenge for military healthcare facilities, where the availability, reliability and confidentiality of information are essential to the continuity of care. It is against this backdrop that this study was conducted to assess the impact of an information system on the management of medical data in a military setting. In particular, it aimed to examine its use, evaluate its potential effects on data accessibility and quality, and identify the challenges associated with its adoption.

To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, was employed. The study involved 53 participants from various professional categories. Data were collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observations and a literature review. This approach enabled an examination of users’ practices and the difficulties encountered in managing medical information.

The results reveal low usage of the information system: 94.4 per cent of participants stated that they never used it, and a similar proportion indicated that they had not received any training in its use. Furthermore, a lack of understanding of its functionalities and performance limits the ability to objectively assess its impact on the speed of access to records, the quality of data and the security of medical information.

This study contributes to a better understanding of the barriers to the adoption of health information systems in the military. In particular, it highlights the importance of staff training, organisational support and the availability of technical resources. It also recommends future evaluations based on objective indicators in order to measure more accurately the effects of computerisation on the management of medical data.

Keywords: information system, medical data, military environment, computerisation, training, data management, quality of care.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/1000

Moroccan Immigrants in France: Navigating the Challenges of Integration and Identity Struggles

2026-10-04T05:02:05+00:00

This research paper aims to analyse the experience of Moroccan migration to France in relation to identity, focusing on the social and cultural challenges faced by this group in their ongoing attempts to integrate into French society. The article also addresses the issue of the identity conflict experienced by this group, particularly between the need to preserve their original Islamic identity on the one hand, and the necessity of assimilating certain aspects of prevailing French values on the other, in order to avoid conflict and alienation from their new society, without overlooking the gap that arises between perceptions of original belonging and the requirements of integration into the French context, and the accompanying tensions regarding self-perception and self-redefinition.

The research will be based on a qualitative field study using semi-structured interviews to uncover the most significant personal experiences of Moroccan migrants in the context of identity conflict, by analysing their perceptions of the meanings of belonging and the reconstruction of the self within different social and cultural spaces. The study will thus focus on highlighting how Moroccan migrants reshape their identity through daily interaction with others within different host contexts.

Key words: migration, identity, integration, conflict.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/963

Visibility of Côte d’Ivoire’s documentary heritage: a cartographic study of libraries and archives in the digital age

2026-09-28T08:45:33+00:00

A country’s documentary heritage – comprising books, periodicals, administrative documents and archives – can only fulfil its purpose if it is locatable, accessible and usable. As information-seeking practices now take place online, the digital visibility of the institutions holding this heritage has become a prerequisite for physical access to the collections. However, Côte d’Ivoire does not have an open and up-to-date national directory of its libraries, documentation centres and archives. The aim of this study is to identify the distribution of documentary institutions across Côte d’Ivoire in the digital age. The study was carried out using mixed-methods research, incorporating mapping. The quantitative component is based on an inventory compiled through web searches (Google and Google Scholar). The qualitative component consists of an inductive thematic analysis of a corpus. The results show that 72 entries were identified, of which 58 institutions were selected for analysis and 49 were geolocated. Twenty-one organisations are located in Abidjan; excluding those in the network of reading and cultural activity centres (CLACs), 70 per cent of the geolocated organisations are concentrated there. In summary, a digital directory of Ivorian documentary organisations is possible but incomplete. In fact, it provides a heterogeneous snapshot rather than a reliable directory.

Keywords: Information science; documentary heritage; mapping; digital visibility; Côte d’Ivoire.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/949

A Progressive Visualisation-Based Learning Framework for Moroccan Pupils and Students: From Data Exploration to Interactive Instruction and Complex Data

2026-09-30T06:02:48+00:00

Moroccan pupils and students face a double challenge: national and international assessments show low proficiency in mathematics, reading, and science, whereas mobile connectivity is almost universal. This article proposes a learning framework that uses visualisation to connect these two facts. The framework, called Explore–Interact–Extend (EIE), moves learners from open exploration of local data, through teacher-designed interactive visualisations, to complex multivariate, temporal, and projected data with explicit safeguards against misreading. We ground the design in published indicators, namely the 2025 cycle of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the 2023 cycle of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), national digital-access statistics, and the scale of the pioneer-school programme, and in 33 scholarly sources published between 2023 and 2026. A comparison with seven existing approaches shows that none of the works reviewed here combines open exploration, guided interaction, safeguards for complex data, offline use, and right-to-left support in one design. We describe a mobile-first, offline-capable, trilingual platform architecture and a cluster-randomised evaluation plan of about nine classes per arm. The framework has not yet been tested with learners; its value lies in a set of testable design rules for Moroccan classrooms and teacher-training centres.

Key words: complex data, data literacy, interactive visualisation, Moroccan education.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/954

Factors contributing to nutritional Anemia in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Kananga health zone

2026-09-30T06:05:37+00:00

Our study focused on ‘Factors contributing to nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Kananga health zone’.

The aim of our study was to describe the factors contributing to nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 23 months in the Kananga health zone. To achieve this, we pursued the following specific objectives:

To identify the factors contributing to nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 23 months;
To determine the most common types of anaemia among children aged 0 to 23 months;
To propose possible preventive measures to avoid anaemia.

We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical focus, using a survey method supported by face-to-face interviews as the data collection tool for a sample of 362 respondents.

Following analysis and interpretation of the data, we obtained the following results:

61 per cent of respondents were in the 25 to 34 age group;
76 per cent of respondents were married;
64 per cent of respondents were unemployed;
86 per cent of respondents were Catholic;
7 per cent of respondents were part of a household of between 4 and 7 people;
64 per cent of respondents had a monthly income of 60,000–100,000 Congolese francs;
07 per cent of respondents eat foufou with leaves and small fish at home;
8 per cent of respondents eat one meal a day at home;
73 per cent of respondents wean their children at 12 months;
22 per cent of respondents give their children maize porridge as a complementary food;
46 per cent of respondents feed their children once a day;
71 per cent of respondents have not given birth to low-birth-weight babies;
10 per cent of respondents have not had children suffering from anaemia;
58 per cent of respondents cited severe malaria as the cause of anaemia.

Following a bivariate analysis of our results, we found that the following factors influence a history of anaemia: exclusive breastfeeding; complementary feeding; the age at which the child was weaned; the foods consumed in households; household size; marital status; the mother’s age; and occupation.

In light of these results and to address the study’s research questions, we confirm the initial hypothesis that the socio-demographic factors: the mother’s age, marital status, socio-economic factors (household size, occupation) and socio-environmental factors (food intake, food quality) underlie nutritional anaemia in children aged 0 to 24 months in the Kananga health zone.

Keywords: Factors, Explanatory, Anaemia, Nutritional.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/955

Effects of mining pressure on production costs and the profitability of family-run farms in Lualaba: a case study of the village of Muvunda near Kamoa mining

2026-09-30T06:08:35+00:00

This study analyses the effects of mining pressure on production costs and the profitability of family farms in the village of Muvunda in Lualaba. A survey was conducted amongst 195 farming households and the data were analysed using R software. The results show that 42.6 per cent of households grow both food crops and market crops, whilst maize is the main food crop (69.7 per cent). The average maize yield is 2,379 kg/ha, compared with 8,662 kg/ha for cassava. Total production costs rise from 895,000 to 1,220,000 CDF/ha (USD 390 to 531) between farms with low and high exposure to mining pressure, representing an increase of 36.3 per cent. Profitability falls in parallel from 360.3 per cent to 195.9 per cent. The regression analysis confirms a significant negative effect of mining pressure on profitability (β = −0.284; p = 0.008). These results demonstrate that mining pressure constitutes a major economic constraint for family farming in Muvunda.

Keywords: Mining pressure; production costs; agricultural profitability; family farms; Lualaba.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/956

Protecting the supplier against breach of the distribution contract

2026-10-01T04:57:21+00:00

Distribution is essential in today’s economy, as it facilitates consumers’ access to a wide range of products. In fact, the primary function of distribution is to make a broad spectrum of goods available to consumers, whether directly from producers or through specialist distributors. Thanks to their sales expertise, these distributors are often crucial in helping producers connect effectively with the market. Nevertheless, this dynamic is not without risks, particularly for suppliers, who may find themselves in a delicate position if distributors fail to fulfil their obligations.

Within this general framework, it is crucial to consider the protection of suppliers against the breach of distribution contracts. Indeed, although the distribution contract formalises the agreement between the supplier and the distributor, the specific terms of this agreement are not always governed by clear legal provisions, particularly in the Moroccan context where the distribution contract does not feature in the official catalogue of contracts. This lack of codification creates a legal vacuum that requires protective mechanisms tailored to commercial relationships. The establishment and effective development of these relationships depend on ensuring a contractual balance that safeguards the interests of the commercial parties.

To this end, the supplier adopts protective measures against breach of contract and failures on the part of its distributor, which may damage the supplier’s brand reputation. It is also essential to ensure that distributors are able to fulfil their commitments, in order to maintain a healthy and sustainable commercial relationship.

The focus of this article is on analysing the means of protection available to the supplier in the event of a breach of contract by the distributor, by examining a range of protective mechanisms in favour of the manufacturer. In this sense, a distributor’s efficiency and loyalty to the supplier’s brand image constitute an intangible form of protection, much like a guarantee or retention-of-title clause for the benefit of the supplier or manufacturer.

Keywords: protection, contract, distribution, supplier, distributor.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/957

The influence of social media on children’s education: a narrative review of the literature on the roles of parents and teachers

2026-10-01T05:00:31+00:00

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has profoundly transformed the ways in which children and adolescents communicate, learn and socialise. Social media now plays a significant role in their daily lives and has a considerable influence on their cognitive, social, emotional and academic development. This narrative review of the literature examines the positive and negative effects of social media on children’s education, whilst highlighting the complementary roles of parents and teachers in guiding its use. Drawing on Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, Vygotsky’s theory of sociocultural learning and Bandura’s theory of social learning, the study analyses the mechanisms through which social media influence the behaviours, learning and social interactions of young users. The findings from the literature indicate that social media can promote access to knowledge, the development of digital skills, creativity and collaborative learning. However, they also present significant risks such as distraction from schoolwork, cyberbullying, digital addiction, exposure to inappropriate content and mental health issues. The conclusions highlight the need for close collaboration between families and schools to promote responsible, critical and safe use of social media among children.

Keywords: social media; children’s digital education; parental roles; teachers’ responsibilities; cyberbullying; digital citizenship.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/958

Democratising the energy transition in Morocco: an analysis of the framework for decentralised self-generation through the lens of energy justice

2026-10-01T11:14:39+00:00

Morocco’s Law No. 82-21 and its implementing decree create legal routes for electricity self-production, but formal eligibility does not establish effective access. This article combines a structured reading of the law, implementing rules and the electricity regulator’s published hosting-capacity data with a focused review of research on energy justice, rooftop solar adoption and collective energy. We examine four stylized applicants — a household, a farm, a cooperative and a small firm — through a sequence of legal eligibility, ability to complete a request, local network access and realized benefits. The regulatory route depends on capacity, voltage and connection conditions; potential savings also depend on consumption timing, financing and the applicable rules for surplus sales. Approved cumulative distribution hosting capacity rises from 691 MW in 2026 to 1,324 MW in 2030, but these planning values do not count connected projects or identify beneficiaries. The article specifies which claims follow from legal texts and public data and which require administrative records and household or project-level evidence. It offers a testable framework for assessing whether an opening in energy law becomes equitable participation.

Keywords: electricity self-production; Morocco; energy justice; hosting capacity; solar adoption; territorial governance.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/959

Didactic transformation of the general nursing techniques course in the first year at the institut supérieur des techniques médicales in Lubumbashi: a mixed-methods study of teaching practices and learning conditions

2026-10-01T11:22:07+00:00

Background: The General Nursing Techniques (GNT) course forms an important foundation of nursing education, but its delivery must integrate knowledge, technical skills and professional attitudes. This study aimed to analyse the teaching methodology of the GNT course in the first year of the Bachelor’s degree programme at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques (ISTM) in Lubumbashi and to propose a suitable teaching framework.

Methods: A descriptive and analytical mixed-methods study was conducted involving 150 first-year students and 10 lecturers. Quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Qualitative data were obtained from interviews with lecturers and direct observation of 10 sessions, using a checklist focusing in particular on preparation, methods, teaching materials, student participation, practical activities and assessment.

Results: The majority of students (86.7 per cent) considered practical demonstrations to be important or very important. However, 49.3 per cent felt that varied teaching methods were rarely or never used, and 50 per cent considered the teaching materials to be unsatisfactory or inadequate. Students mainly cited an insufficient number of practical sessions (32.7 per cent) and a lack of teaching materials (25.3 per cent). Sixty-four per cent felt they had a good or very good level of skills acquisition. The use of a variety of teaching methods was associated with a significant difference in learning scores (F = 19.72; p < 0.001), as were the availability of teaching materials (F = 17.05; p < 0.001) and active participation (F = 21.13; p < 0.001). Age and gender were not significantly associated with the indicators studied. Among teachers, lectures were reported by all (100 per cent), compared with 20 per cent for case studies/simulations. Observation confirmed that demonstrations were carried out in 70 per cent of sessions, but that teaching sheets were used in only 30 per cent of sessions and formative assessment was observed in 30 per cent.

Conclusion: The results point to the need for integrated, student-centred teaching, supervised practice, methodological diversification, structured teaching materials and skills assessment.

Keywords: teaching methodology; General Nursing Techniques; nursing education; active learning; professional competences; ISTM Lubumbashi.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/960

Early childhood development in the Republic of Guinea: a qualitative analysis of existing opportunities based on the perceptions of institutional and implementing stakeholders

2026-10-02T09:57:03+00:00

The positive benefits of the holistic development of children aged 0 to 8 are still not sufficiently understood or valued by families, communities and governments. Across the world, although many countries have the resources and potential, numerous children continue to suffer from neglect and various forms of violence. In Guinea, as in many other contexts, public policies designed to promote early childhood development are not always backed by budgetary resources commensurate with their stated ambitions. Political will is expressed more through official rhetoric than through concrete actions and commitments that are actually fulfilled. This limits the implementation of interventions and results in significant harm to children. Indeed, the aim of this research was to analyse, based on the perceptions of institutional and implementing stakeholders operating in Guinea, as well as policy and programme documents, the existing opportunities that could be harnessed to promote the harmonious development of children aged 0 to 8 in Guinea. Twenty-one participants from 18 institutions (state bodies, UN agencies, international NGOs and civil society organisations) took part in semi-structured interviews in Conakry between 21 November 2024 and 24 April 2025. These interviews revealed that the country is brimming with significant opportunities and that all that is needed is for early childhood to be made a national priority. The notable opportunities highlighted by these stakeholders include the existence of social services; the mobilisation of civil society and community groups; the large number of committed partners and stakeholders; the presence of the mass media to raise awareness, monitor, alert and educate families and children; the existence of mineral resources that are still undervalued; and the existence of a favourable political and framework. The presence of all these favourable factors provides significant leverage for a coordinated and effective multisectoral response in support of children aged 0 to 8.

Keywords: early childhood development, Guinea, opportunities, stakeholders, favourable.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/961

Optimising the prediction of malnutrition risk using semi-supervised learning: a case study of PCIMA data from Eastern Kasai (DRC)

2026-10-02T15:34:52+00:00

Malnutrition remains a major public health challenge in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly in the province of Kasaï Oriental, where rates of acute and chronic malnutrition remain high. However, the limited availability of properly labelled data constitutes a significant obstacle to the development of high-performance predictive models to aid decision-making in the planning of nutritional interventions.

This study proposes a semi-supervised learning approach combining an unsupervised clustering algorithm (K-Means) and two supervised classifiers (Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbours) to improve the prediction of malnutrition risk. The data used were drawn from the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) programme, collected across the 19 health zones of Kasaï Oriental between 2020 and 2022.

The methodology comprises four stages: (i) data pre-processing and normalisation, (ii) clustering of observations using K-Means to generate pseudo-labels, (iii) supervised learning using SVM and KNN models, and (iv) weighted fusion of the predictions produced by the various algorithms. The model’s performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall and the F1 score.

The results show that the proposed hybrid approach significantly improves predictive performance compared with individual models. Projections for the period 2023–2026 identify several health zones at high risk of a deterioration in the nutritional situation. This research thus demonstrates the relevance of semi-supervised learning for predictive modelling in contexts characterised by a scarcity of labelled data.

Keywords: Semi-supervised learning, Malnutrition, Machine learning, K-Means, SVM, KNN, PCIMA, DRC.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/962

Noun and Adverb Incorporations in Blackfoot

2026-09-26T18:22:02+00:00

This squib investigates noun and adverb incorporation in Blackfoot, an Algonquian language spoken in Southern Alberta and Montana, within the broader context of the language’s polysynthetic morphosyntax. It first outlines relevant morphophonological and morphosyntactic properties of Blackfoot, including nominal inflection, agreement, animacy and transitivity marking, and the organization of the verbal complex. The analysis identifies two principal restrictions on noun incorporation: incorporation of nominal heads denoting body parts into the verbal stem, and noun – noun incorporation in abstract nominalization, where a deverbal nominal obligatorily incorporates a nominal head rather than a full noun phrase. The study then examines adverb–verb incorporation within a minimalist framework. Simple, complex, and split configurations are discussed, with particular attention to adverbs of manner, degree, and rate, the role of symmetric c-command, and movement to specifier positions. Complex cases show that degree and manner/rate adverbs may be separated by a durative aspect marker, requiring successive merger and movement operations. Overall, the squib clarifies how incorporation interacts with Blackfoot verbal structure, nominalization, aspect, and the syntax of adverbial modification.

Keywords: Blackfoot; polysynthesis; noun incorporation; adverb incorporation; morphosyntax; minimalist approach; nominalization.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/947

Integrating Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and the VB-MAPP in the inclusive education of pupils with autism spectrum disorder: an exploratory qualitative study in a resource centre for assessment and support

2026-10-04T05:06:15+00:00

This study explores how the integration of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and the VB-MAPP (Verbal Behaviour Milestones Assessment and Placement Programme) helps to support the educational inclusion of pupils with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Resource Centres for Qualification and Support (SRQS) in Morocco. A qualitative methodology was employed, utilising semi-structured interviews with four SRQS managers in the province of Tiznit. The interviews were transcribed and then analysed in NVivo, combining lexical analysis (frequencies, word clouds) with thematic analysis, adopting an inductive and constructivist epistemological approach. The results show that the VB-MAPP is primarily used as a decision-making tool (profiling, identifying barriers and prioritising 2–3 functional objectives), whilst ABA operationalises the intervention through structured teaching procedures (reinforcement, guidance/fading, prevention, teaching alternatives) and monitoring using simple indicators. Transition to mainstream classes appears to be the central mechanism linking SRQS and inclusion, subject to organisational conditions (coordination, resources, training/supervision, school culture). The conclusions highlight the value of a decision → action → transfer chain and propose practical implications for standardising monitoring and ensuring continuity between SRQS, the classroom and the family.

Lexical parameters (NVivo): stopwords were excluded; a minimum length of 3 characters was applied; spelling variants were grouped together (e.g. ‘VB‑MAPP’, ‘VBMAPP’); relevant compound words were retained where possible. Finally, the colours in the word cloud have no analytical value in themselves: they serve solely to improve visual readability.

Keywords: ABA; VB-MAPP; ASD; inclusive education; SRQS.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/964

Community participation in environmental protection projects in the Buhavu Chiefdom

2026-10-04T05:25:30+00:00

This study examines the level of community participation in environmental protection projects in the Buhavu Chiefdom. The overall objective is to determine the extent to which the community participates in environmental protection projects in the Buhavu Chiefdom. A sample of 384 respondents was selected using the LUNCH formula. The results of this study show that the level of community participation in environmental protection projects in the Buhavu Chiefdom during the identification phase remains very low at 17 per cent. It also appears that during the planning phase, the level of community participation in these projects remains very low, at 15 per cent. Nevertheless, even though this population does not participate in the identification and planning phases of these projects, its level of participation in the implementation of these projects is high at 69 per cent, as it is the beneficiary. However, when it comes to project evaluation, the level of participation by the population remains low at 12 per cent. In conclusion, this study shows that the level of community participation in environmental protection projects in this chiefdom remains low at 28 per cent.

Keywords: Participation, Population, Chiefdom, Projects and Environment.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/965

Organizational contingency and hotel quality management

2026-10-05T19:46:22+00:00

Purpose. This study examines how organizational contingencies shape hotel quality-management modes in an emerging tourism destination. Rather than assuming that formal quality management is universally appropriate, the study asks whether hotel size, organizational affiliation, service scope, strategy, price positioning, clientele, competitive pressure, technology, and managerial style are associated with different degrees of quality formalization.

Design/methodology/approach. The study draws on a field survey of 24 hotels in Tangier, Morocco. A deductive, quantitative design is combined with exploratory fieldwork and analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), complemented by principal component analysis and multivariate grouping. The structural model was assessed using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. Measurement quality was examined through internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, KMO/Bartlett diagnostics, and exploratory component analysis.

Findings. The empirical model identifies a differentiated configuration of quality-management practices. Employee size (β = 0.182), accommodation capacity (β = 0.191), turnover (β = 0.129), organizational affiliation (β = 0.293), service scope (β = 0.092), strategy (β = 0.121), average price (β = 0.138), and target clientele (β = 0.100) are positively and significantly associated with quality formalization. Perceived competition (β = −0.008, p = .790) and technology (β = 0.057, p = .066) are not statistically significant direct predictors in the reported model, while managerial style shows a significant negative association (β = −0.136). Quality-management mode strongly predicts hotel typology (β = 0.737). Multivariate analysis distinguishes three configurations: formal, hybrid, and informal quality management.

Originality/value. The study contributes to contingency-based quality research by linking organizational context to differentiated quality-management modes in a North African hospitality setting. It also extends service-quality research beyond customer-perception models by examining the organizational architecture through which quality practices are formalized, coordinated, and enacted.

Keywords: hotel quality management; contingency theory; service quality; quality formalization; PLS-SEM; hospitality; organizational context; Morocco; Tangier; typology.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/967

School-family collaboration and academic success: forms, practices and methods of parental involvement in the Ursuline Sisters’ schools in Tildonk, Goma

2026-10-06T13:13:03+00:00

This study analyses the collaboration between school and family in five schools run by the Ursuline Sisters of Tildonk in Goma and its association with certain indicators of academic progress. It adopts a quantitative, descriptive and analytical approach involving 361 parents and eight school leaders. The data were analysed using SPSS 27. The results show that 97.0 per cent of parents maintain contact with the school, mainly via the communication book (69.5 per cent). Discipline (66.8 per cent), academic performance (46.0 per cent) and school fees (37.1 per cent) are the main topics of discussion. Furthermore, 95.6 per cent of parents report monitoring their child’s schoolwork and 85.0 per cent are aware of their child’s results. Overall, 74.8 per cent demonstrate a moderate or high level of collaboration. Significant associations were found between certain collaborative practices and monitoring of schoolwork (p = 0.025; p = 0.021; p = 0.014). The academic results of 3,758 pupils indicate an overall success rate of 88 per cent. However, the lack of individual matching means it is not possible to establish a causal relationship between collaboration and academic success. The study highlights the importance of a structured school–family partnership.

Keywords: school–family collaboration; parental involvement; academic success; school communication; educational partnership.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/968

Assessment of self-medication practices involving antibiotics among children under 5 years of age in the Likasi health zone (Democratic Republic of Congo): a cross-sectional study on the prevalence and socio-cultural and economic determinants

2026-10-06T13:33:27+00:00

Introduction: Self-medication with antibiotics among children under five years of age poses a major threat to public health, contributing to the emergence of bacterial resistance and exposing children to the risks of adverse effects and treatment failure. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), this phenomenon is exacerbated by economic hardship, a weak healthcare system and the proliferation of the informal medicines market. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among children under five years of age and to identify the associated sociocultural and economic factors in the Likasi health zone.

Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 420 mothers or carers of children under five years of age, selected using a multi-stage probability cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered face-to-face and subsequently analysed using SPSS. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify associated factors.

Results: The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics was 61.7 per cent (n = 259). Amoxicillin (22.8 per cent) was the most commonly used drug, mainly to treat coughs, and syrup (65.2 per cent) was the predominant dosage form. The factors significantly associated were: low monthly income (ORa = 5.2; 95% CI: 3.0–9.1; p < 0.001), a university-level education (ORa = 2.8; p = 0.007), and a distance to the health centre of > 5 km (ORa = 1.9; p = 0.021). The mistaken belief in the universal effectiveness of antibiotics was also a major factor (80.0 per cent of self-medication among mothers holding this belief).

Conclusion: Self-medication with antibiotics is an alarming practice in Likasi, driven primarily by economic hardship and popular beliefs. Targeted interventions are urgently needed: strengthening pharmaceutical regulation, policies providing free paediatric care, community-based health education, and the expansion of universal health coverage.

Keywords: Self-medication, antibiotics, children under 5 years of age, sociocultural factors, economic factors, Likasi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, bacterial resistance.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/969

Ethnobotanical and phytochemical study of medicinal plants used to treat prostatitis in the south-banga area, ILEBO territory, Democratic Republic of Congo

2026-10-06T17:50:29+00:00

This study focuses on medicinal plants traditionally used to treat prostatitis in the South Banga sector, Ilebo territory, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its objectives were to catalogue the plant species used in the traditional management of prostate conditions, to determine their ethnobotanical significance, to specify the parts used as well as the methods of preparation and administration of the remedies, and to assess their phytochemical profiles.

An ethnobotanical survey based on semi-structured interviews, direct observation and reasoned non-probabilistic sampling was conducted amongst 32 key informants from the six communities in the Sud-Banga sector. The data collected focused in particular on plant species, the parts used, methods of preparation, solvents and routes of administration. Nine medicinal species were identified: Rauvolfia vomitoria, Gardenia ternifolia, Citrus limon, Garcinia kola, Ananas comosus, Morinda morindoides, Senna occidentalis, Senna siamea and Psidium guajava. The Rubiaceae and Fabaceae families are among the best represented in the thesis’s floristic data.

The highest relative frequency of mention was observed for Gardenia ternifolia, Garcinia kola and Ananas comosus (15.63 per cent each), followed by Citrus limon (12.50 per cent). The informant consensus index was 0.758, indicating a relatively high level of consensus regarding the species used. Roots are the most frequently used part of the plant, whilst decoction and oral administration are the predominant method of preparation and route of administration, respectively.

Phytochemical screening revealed several groups of secondary metabolites, notably alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, quinones and quinines, as well as other groups listed in the detailed table in the thesis. Alkaloids were detected most frequently in the summary of results. These observations demonstrate that the populations of the South Banga region possess a diverse body of ethnobotanical knowledge. However, the presence of secondary metabolites alone is not sufficient to establish the clinical efficacy of the plants against prostatitis. Further pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies are therefore required.

Keywords: ethnobotany, phytotherapy, prostatitis, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, secondary metabolites, South Banga, Ilebo, DRC.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/970

Design of an embedded temperature control system for a portable medicine storage kit

2026-10-06T17:54:20+00:00

Our research focuses on the design of an embedded temperature control system for a portable medicine storage kit. The aim of this research is to develop an embedded computerised refrigeration and temperature control system capable of storing medicines requiring a specific ambient temperature in environments where a reliable electricity supply is not available, to create an embedded computer system capable of automatically regulating the temperature within a medicine storage kit for items such as vaccines, insulin and other medical products that must be stored at ambient temperature to prevent deterioration.

Temperature sensors, the cooling unit and the temperature controller will greatly assist in the realisation of this research, thanks to instant monitoring via the LCD screen on the kit, ensuring that the normal storage conditions for the product inside the kit are not exceeded. The advantage of this system is that it prevents shortages of certain medical products in areas without full electricity supply. Thanks to the Peltier module and the temperature sensor connected to a microcontroller, this system will enable automatic cooling and instantaneous control. The integration of C programming within the Arduino development environment, in conjunction with C#, will enable the microcontroller to be developed (coded).

Keywords: Embedded system, temperature control, portable kit, medicines.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/971

Physicochemical quality and metal contamination of boiled water consumed in the panda neighborhood of Likasi (Haut-Katanga), DRC

2026-10-07T16:39:44+00:00

Introduction: In mining regions, chemical contamination of water resources poses a significant public health issue. This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical quality and metal contamination of boiled water consumed in the Panda neighborhood of Likasi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted on 40 boiled water samples, distributed equally among four supply sources: three wells and the REGIDESO municipal network. Physicochemical parameters and concentrations of Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Pb were determined. Distributions were assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences between sources were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, supplemented where necessary by Dunn’s post hoc test with Bonferroni correction.

Results: The mean pH was 7.48 ± 0.43. Significant differences between sources were observed for Co (p = 0.013), Fe (p < 0.001), Mn (p = 0.030), Ca (p = 0.031), Mg (p = 0.004), Zn (p = 0.010), SO₄²⁻ (p = 0.027), and Cl⁻ (p = 0.001). Mean concentrations for Pb and Cd were 0.014 ± 0.007 mg/L and 0.014 ± 0.018 mg/L, respectively. Guideline values were exceeded in 57.5% of samples for Pb and 90.0% for Cd.

Conclusion: Despite generally satisfactory quality regarding several parameters, the high frequency of guideline exceedances for Pb and Cd is a major cause for concern. Enhanced monitoring and investigations into contamination sources are required.

Keywords: Boiled water; Boiling; Physicochemical quality, Heavy metals; Lead; Cadmium; Drinking water; Likasi; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/972

General accounting: a key asset in the financial management of public administrations in the DRC: the case of Bungulu Commune in the town of Beni

2026-10-07T18:28:56+00:00

The Democratic Republic of the Congo established its legal framework for public finances through Law ^No. 11/011 of 13 July 2011. Generally speaking, the crisis in public finances frequently observed in most public administrations and bodies in the DRC often raises questions about the accounting tools that would enable them to be managed rationally. Indeed, public services apply public accounting. Essentially, this is a cash-based accounting system focused solely on the management of revenue and expenditure. The findings of this study have shown that the accounting practices in the Bungulu Commune still contain many shortcomings and imperfections, as they do not enable the public accountant to gain a clear picture of the entity’s net position, nor to determine the net result at the end of the financial year. This is why this research seeks to propose a system of general accounting tailored to public administrations, to be maintained in the same way as private enterprises, as this is a guarantee and an indispensable basic tool for better, sustainable financial management.

Keywords: general accounting; public accounting; financial management; public administration.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/973

Psychological and social determinants associated with life satisfaction among patients with prostate cancer

2026-10-07T18:46:45+00:00

This study examined the associations between life satisfaction and both social support and emotional intelligence among patients with prostate cancer, and estimated the proportion of variance in life satisfaction associated with each variable. A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design was used with 100 patients with prostate cancer attending Hassan II University Hospital in Fez, Morocco. Life satisfaction was assessed using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), together with measures of social support and emotional intelligence. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and separate simple linear regression models. Social support was positively associated with life satisfaction (r = .378, p < .001) and accounted for 14.3% of the variance in life satisfaction (R² = .143, F = 16.380, p < .001). Emotional intelligence was also positively associated with life satisfaction (r = .279, p = .005) and accounted for 7.8% of its variance (R² = .078, F = 8.259, p = .005). These findings suggest that social and emotional resources are associated with more favorable cognitive evaluations of life in this patient population; however, causal inferences cannot be drawn because of the cross-sectional design. The findings support the integration of psychosocial assessment into comprehensive prostate cancer care and highlight the need for multicenter longitudinal studies examining the independent contribution of these variables after adjustment for clinical and demographic factors.

Key words: emotional intelligence, life satisfaction, prostate cancer, social support.

Received Date: August 17, 2026

Accepted Date: September 09, 2026

Published Date: October 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/974