International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Marburg Virus Outbreak: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Transmission, and Outcomes

2025-12-08T23:03:31+00:00

Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe, often fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by Marburg virus (MARV), a filovirus with significant epidemic potential. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on MVD outbreaks, focusing on epidemiology, clinical features, transmission dynamics, and patient outcomes. The virus originates from Egyptian fruit bat reservoirs (Rousettus aegyptiacus), with spillover events typically occurring through exposure to bat-inhabited environments. Human-to-human transmission follows via direct contact with infected bodily fluids, leading to outbreaks characterized by rapid spread, high mortality (case fatality rates: 24-90%, average ~83%), and frequent nosocomial amplification. Clinical presentation progresses from non-specific febrile illness to severe gastrointestinal symptoms and potentially fatal hemorrhagic manifestations. Diagnosis relies on RT-PCR and antigen-detection tests, while management remains primarily supportive. Recent outbreaks in Ghana (2022), Equatorial Guinea, and Tanzania (2023) underscore the expanding geographic threat. Effective outbreak control depends on rapid case identification, strict infection prevention, contact tracing, safe burials, and community engagement. Despite promising vaccine and therapeutic candidates in development, MVD continues to present substantial global health challenges, necessitating enhanced surveillance, international collaboration, and investment in countermeasures.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/512

Development of a predictive model for breast cancer based on risk factors, a significant advance in improving early detection of the disease

2025-12-10T11:19:16+00:00

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women, representing a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the lack of systematic screening exacerbates the difficulties in identifying high-risk patients at an early stage. This study aims to develop a predictive model based on machine learning, drawing on an analysis of breast cancer risk factors. The main objective is to facilitate early detection and improve patient care by proactively identifying those at increased risk of developing breast cancer.

The methodology of this study is based on the Team Data Science Process (TDSP), which organises and optimises the various stages of predictive model development, from data collection to results evaluation. Clinical data and variables related to family history, health behaviours, and physiological characteristics were incorporated into the model. Machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), were used to build the model, offering 97% accuracy in predicting breast cancer risk.

This model was then deployed in a production environment with an intuitive user interface, allowing physicians to easily analyse the results. The results showed that integrating such a tool could significantly improve early detection capabilities in settings where screening resources are limited, while reducing treatment costs associated with late diagnoses.

The findings of this article pave the way for the implementation of a national screening programme based on predictive tools, thereby helping to reduce healthcare disparities and improve the prognosis for at-risk patients. Future improvements to the model could focus on integrating new biomedical data and adjusting models for more diverse clinical settings.

Keywords: model, cancer, early, factors, detection, disease, predictive, breast, significant.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/514

Bloom's taxonomy revisited in the age of Artificial Intelligence

2025-12-10T11:45:11+00:00

Bloom's taxonomy, originally developed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues, proposes a hierarchical classification of learning objectives ranging from simple memorisation to creation: remembering, understanding, applying, analysing, evaluating and creating. This structure However, the advent of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) embodied by tools such as ChatGPT, DALL·E, Gemini and Copilot is profoundly transforming the way these cognitive levels are mobilised and developed. In the era of GAI, revising Bloom's taxonomy is essential. The learner is no longer a mere receiver, but a co-creator of knowledge with the machine. AI facilitates the lower levels (memorisation and comprehension) through the automatic generation of summaries, examples and contextualised explanations. This frees up time for higher cognitive activities such as analysis, evaluation and creation, where humans retain a critical and ethical role.Generative AI tools can, for example, simulate complex situations, generate personalised case studies or offer adaptive feedback, thereby promoting differentiated and experiential teaching. However, this transformation is not without its challenges: risks of cognitive dependence, assisted plagiarism, loss of critical thinking, and the need for new digital skills. Thus, the "revisitation" of Bloom's taxonomy in the era of generative artificial intelligence is not about replacing it, but reinterpreting it. It calls for augmented pedagogy, where humans retain cognitive and ethical leadership, while AI acts as a catalyst for learning. The goal is no longer just to create knowledge, but to co-construct meaning in an intelligent, interactive and critical environment.

Keywords: Bloom's taxonomy, generative artificial intelligence, cognitive learning, digital pedagogy, educational transformation, AI ethics, augmented education, pedagogical innovation.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/516

Probiotic Use in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Comprehensive Review

2025-12-13T22:22:43+00:00

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder linked to gut-brain axis dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms with health benefits, have emerged as a prominent therapeutic strategy targeting this microbial imbalance. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, practical application, and future directions of probiotic therapy for IBS.A narrative synthesis of key meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials was conducted, with a focus on strain-specific effects and clinical guidelines. The pathophysiology of IBS involves visceral hypersensitivity, altered motility, low-grade inflammation, and dysbiosis. Probiotics are proposed to ameliorate symptoms by modulating the microbiota, enhancing epithelial barrier function, regulating immune responses, and influencing the gut-brain axis. Meta-analyses indicate a modest but significant benefit for probiotics over placebo in improving global IBS symptoms (RR 1.53) and reducing abdominal pain (RR 1.79), though the certainty of evidence is often low due to significant heterogeneity. Efficacy is strain-specific, with particular evidence for Bifidobacterium infantis 35624, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745. The most consistent improvements are seen in bloating and abdominal pain. Probiotics are generally safe for immunocompetent individuals and are positioned as a second-line or adjunctive therapy within a holistic management plan. Probiotic therapy represents a rational and moderately effective intervention for IBS, primarily for global symptom relief, pain, and bloating. Success depends on selecting strains with documented clinical evidence. Future research should focus on personalized approaches, long-term outcomes, and the development of symbiotic and postbiotics to better define and optimize the role of microbial therapeutics in IBS management.

Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Probiotics; Dysbiosis; Gut-Brain Axis; Bifidobacterium; Lactobacillus; Microbiome.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/518

Navigating the Merciless Space: Hybrid Media Accountability and Professional Adaptation Among Moroccan Journalists

2025-12-25T00:03:21+00:00

The role of social media in promoting citizen-led media accountability is increasingly studied, however the perspectives of journalists who are the target of this scrutiny remain critically under-explored especially within non-Western, hybrid regimes. This article addresses this gap by investigating how Moroccan journalists perceive, navigate and adapt to the pressures of this new digital public sphere. This study used thematic semi-structured interviews with eight experienced journalists which uncovered a profound ambivalence. They perceived social media as a "double-edged sword": a vital space for dialogue and citizen-led scrutiny, but also a source of relentless pressure that creates a tension between speed and accuracy, challenges editorial independence, and blurs the lines between professional journalism and the influencer economy. The core finding is the journalists' own conceptualization of an emergent Hybrid Accountability Model, where informal, citizen-led pressure on social media acts as an "immediate trigger" that is most effective when it converges with and activates formal institutional mechanisms. This model is characterized by two defining dynamics: contingent convergence, the strategic interplay between informal public pressure and formal institutional power, and perpetual contestation, the ongoing struggle against internal ethical dilemmas and external structural constraints. This research provides a rare, grounded view from within the newsroom, contributing a crucial professional perspective to the de-Westernization of MA theory. It demonstrates how journalistic norms and identities are being actively renegotiated in response to the complex dynamics of a contested digital ecosystem, which offers a significant empirical operationalization of emerging non-Western theoretical frameworks and a necessary complication of classical Western models of media accountability for the digital age.

Key words : De-Westernization, Hybrid Media Accountability, Journalism, Morocco, Social Media, Professional Identity, Platform Dependency.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/519

Distributed Leadership in Higher Education Administration: Insights from Moroccan Context

2025-12-27T10:46:51+00:00

Time is different, challenges are different, also leadership and management should be different in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Previous studies found that leadership in HE is not responding appropriately to the needs of the era. The purpose of this study was to examine employee’s perceptions about distributed leadership attributes and process among leaders in high and middle management levels in Moroccan HE administration. For this purpose, qualitative data were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews in which 48 staff members without managerial responsibilities from 6 private and public Moroccan universities were approached. Unfortunately, some of them hesitated to participate, thus, only 30 have agreed to take part and accepted to recount their real experiences. They answered questions related to distributed leadership traits, behaviors, practices and processes for their respective leaders. The findings revealed that the leadership style in Moroccan HEIs contributes to the deficit of distributed leadership in HE administration. The study has a strong contribution that lies not only in exploring real employees’ perceptions, but also in revealing their desire for more distributed leaders, and urging further related studies to strengthen leadership in Moroccan HE administration.

Keywords: leadership; distributed leadership; distributed leaders; management; higher education; administration.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/524

Writing about misogyny in the Maghreb: Boudjedra and Monénembo confront gender-based violence

2025-12-27T11:28:21+00:00

This study examines representations of misogyny and gender-based violence in the Maghreb through a comparative analysis of two novels: La Répudiation (1969) by Rachid Boudjedra and Bled (2016) by Tierno Monénembo. Using Claude Duchet's sociocritical approach, this research aims to identify the forms of expression of such violence, their underlying factors, and their inscription within a specific spatio-temporal framework. The analysis reveals that these forms of violence primarily stem from the patriarchal nature of Maghreb society and manifest through four main modalities: verbal, physical and sexual, psychological, and economic violence. The study also demonstrates how the narrative techniques employed by both authors contribute to the denunciation of these social phenomena.

Keywords: misogyny, gender-based violence, Maghreb literature, sociocriticism, patriarchy

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/525

The Effect of Season and Weather on Physical Activity: A Systematic Review

2025-12-30T16:14:13+00:00

Physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone of public health, yet participation is not constant year-round. A substantial body of evidence indicates that season and specific meteorological conditions (weather) are significant environmental determinants of PA behavior. This review synthesizes current literature on how these factors influence PA across populations, settings, and activity domains. Findings consistently demonstrate a marked seasonal pattern, with PA levels highest in late spring and summer and lowest in autumn and winter, particularly in temperate and polar climates. Key weather variables impacting PA include temperature (following an inverted U-shaped relationship), precipitation, daylight hours, wind speed, and humidity. The magnitude of effect varies by age, activity type (e.g., walking declines more than gym use), geographical location, and climate zone. Interventions such as seasonal programming, weather-protected infrastructure, and behavioral strategies are crucial to mitigate these effects and promote year-round activity. Understanding these environmental influences is essential for public health surveillance, urban planning, and the design of effective, context-specific PA promotion strategies.

Keywords: Physical activity, Seasonality, Weather, Temperature, Precipitation, Built environment, Public health.

Received Date: October 20, 2024

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/528

The importance of digital education and training in strengthening the entrepreneurial skills of women

2026-01-04T20:49:43+00:00

The uncertainty of the changing environment has forced women entrepreneurs to invest in their businesses. To do this, a qualitative approach and a deductive approach were adopted. Thematic content analysis reveals that the majority of women entrepreneurs have an optimistic understanding of digital technologies and benefit from online training to practice effectively.

Keywords: digitalization; online education; digital training; entrepreneurship; women entrepreneurs.

Received Date: October 20, 2025

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/532

Women, Occupation, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Review

2026-01-05T13:54:31+00:00

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in women globally. While traditional risk factors (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia) are well-characterized, the role of occupational exposures—encompassing psychosocial stressors, physical demands, and environmental hazards—in shaping women's cardiovascular health is increasingly recognized but remains understudied. This review synthesizes evidence on the relationship between women's occupational characteristics and the development of key CVD risk factors. It examines how work-related psychosocial stress (high demands/low control, effort-reward imbalance, job strain), shift work, sedentary work, and occupational physical activity differentially impact women's risk for hypertension, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and unhealthy behaviors. The review highlights the complex interplay of occupation with gender-specific roles, including unpaid caregiving labor and the "double burden" of work and family responsibilities, which compound occupational stress. Emerging evidence points to significant disparities by socioeconomic position and race/ethnicity. The findings underscore the urgent need for gender-sensitive occupational health research, workplace interventions, and public policies that address the unique work-related pathways contributing to CVD risk in women.

Keywords: Women's health, cardiovascular disease, occupational stress, job strain, shift work, work-family conflict, psychosocial factors, gender disparities.

Received Date: October 20, 2025

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/533

The Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Positive Mental Health: A Review

2026-01-10T21:51:01+00:00

Perceived social support (PSS), defined as an individual's subjective belief in the availability and adequacy of support from their social network, is a cornerstone construct in understanding psychological well-being. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the robust, positive relationship between PSS and positive mental health (PMH), the latter conceptualized not merely as the absence of illness but as the presence of flourishing, emotional well-being, psychological resilience, and life satisfaction. Epidemiological and longitudinal studies consistently demonstrate that higher levels of PSS are associated with and predictive of greater PMH across diverse populations. Key theoretical frameworks, including the Stress-Buffering Model and the Main Effect Model, explain the mechanisms through which PSS operates, protecting against adversity and fostering continuous positive affect and self-worth. The relationship is influenced by moderating factors such as age, gender, culture, and personality traits. Critically, the perception of support availability is often more impactful than received support. Interventions designed to enhance PSS, particularly through strengthening social connections and cognitive restructuring of support appraisals, show efficacy in promoting PMH. This review concludes that fostering PSS is a vital, evidence-based target for public health initiatives and clinical interventions aimed at cultivating population-wide mental health resilience and flourishing.

Keywords: Perceived Social Support, Positive Mental Health, Psychological Well-being, Flourishing, Resilience, Stress-Buffering, Social Determinants of Health.

Received Date: October 20, 2025

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/537

A Review of the Role of Serotonin, TIMP-1, and CXCL-1 in the Diagnosis and Differentiation of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2026-01-10T22:07:35+00:00

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, with a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology. Current diagnosis relies on symptom-based Rome IV criteria, lacking reliable biomarkers for objective diagnosis and subclassification (IBS-C, IBS-D, IBS-M). Emerging research highlights the potential roles of serotonin (5-HT), Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1 (CXCL-1) in IBS pathophysiology. This narrative review critically evaluates the evidence for serotonin, TIMP-1, and CXCL-1 as potential biomarkers for diagnosing IBS and differentiating its subtypes.

A synthesis of contemporary literature from peer-reviewed journals, focusing on human studies, meta-analyses, and clinical trials from the past 15 years, was conducted.

Key Findings: (1) Serotonin: Dysregulation of the enteric serotonergic system is well-established in IBS. Elevated postprandial plasma 5-HT and increased mucosal 5-HT signaling are more pronounced in IBS-D, while reduced 5-HT reuptake (via SERT) is common. Platelet-depleted plasma 5-HT shows promise as a differential biomarker. (2) TIMP-1: As an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), elevated serum and colonic TIMP-1 levels are associated with low-grade mucosal immune activation and altered intestinal permeability, particularly in post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS) and IBS-D. The TIMP-1/MMP ratio may reflect a dysregulated tissue repair process. (3) CXCL-1: This pro-inflammatory chemokine is elevated in the serum and colonic mucosa of IBS patients, correlating with pain severity and neutrophil recruitment. Levels are highest in IBS-D and PI-IBS, suggesting its role in sustained, subclinical inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. While none are yet diagnostic alone, serotonin, TIMP-1, and CXCL-1 represent promising biomarker panels that reflect key IBS pathophysiological pillars: neurotransmitter dysregulation (5-HT), impaired barrier function and remodeling (TIMP-1), and neuroimmune activation (CXCL-1). A multi-biomarker approach, potentially combining these with other markers, could move IBS diagnosis beyond symptom criteria, enable mechanistic subclassification, and guide targeted therapies.

Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Biomarkers, Serotonin, 5-HT, TIMP-1, CXCL-1, Diagnosis, IBS Subtypes.

Received Date: October 20, 2025

Accepted Date: November 11, 2025

Published Date: December 01, 2025

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/540