International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

Gender Policies and Family Transformation: A Europe–Türkiye Comparison

2026-07-30T17:36:44+00:00

This study examines perceptions of how gender policies affect the family, drawing on a Europe–Türkiye comparison. It rests on a long-term, unstructured field study conducted between 2012 and 2025: the 2012–2018 period was devoted to understanding and observation, and the 2018–2025 period to systematic field interviews. The European component covered 300 people across twenty-five cities in ten countries in two separate rounds (2019 and 2024–2025); the Turkish component covered 1,500 people in four cities (Ankara, Erzurum, Istanbul, and Kocaeli); in addition, interviews with 500 citizens living in Europe who visited Türkiye informed the European fieldwork. The findings show that, although the family is valued in both societies, it is increasingly seen as fragile. The most striking result is a divergence in the perceived source of threat: in Türkiye roughly half of participants (50%) identified “legislation” as the greatest threat, whereas in Europe “sexism” (30%) and “infidelity” (25%) stood out. The erosion of trust and fidelity, the rise of dual-life and partner-swapping tendencies (from roughly 1.7% to 2.1% in Europe), and the rapid emergence in Türkiye of trends already mature in Europe together point to a convergence. The study argues that family change stems from a combination of legal, economic, cultural, digital, and demographic factors, and that family policy should therefore be designed in a multidimensional, data-driven, and non-polarizing manner. The findings are perceptual and make no causal claim; yet the comparative design renders visible how a global transformation opens different channels in different social settings.

Keywords: gender policies, the family, family stability, the Istanbul Convention and Law No. 6284, Europe–Türkiye comparison, unstructured field research.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/793

Enhancement of Acclimatization of in Vitro Propagated Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Plantlets, Barhi Cultivar, Using Paclobutrazol and Sorbitol

2026-07-30T17:45:27+00:00

The study was carried out in the period 2024 to 2025 in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, which is part of the Date Palm Research Center, University of Basra, to investigate the effect of using two concentrations of the growth regulator paclobutrazol (PBZ) (2 and 4 mg/L) and two concentrations of the sugar alcohol sorbitol(Sor) (5 and 10 g/L) via foliar application, and a control treatment where only distilled water was used to spray, on improving the acclimatization of Barhi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets. Findings from this research revealed that paclobutrazol and sorbitol significantly affected the acclimatization success rate. This was supported by an increase in acclimatization success rate to 90% with paclobutrazol at 4 mg/L. Additionally, the concentration enhanced fresh and dry weight, carbohydrate, and proline content in the leaves relative to the control treatment. The results also indicated that the application of (Sor) at 10g/L to the plantlets resulted in higher level of chlorophyll in comparison with the control (untreated) plantlets.

Keywords: acclimatization; Date palm; PBZ; Sor; stress; tissue culture.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/794

Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI): A Systemic Framework for the Enhancement of Cultural Heritage through Virtual and Augmented Reality in African Museums and Libraries

2026-07-30T17:50:57+00:00

The growing adoption of immersive technologies has transformed the preservation, interpretation, and dissemination of cultural heritage worldwide. While Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) have demonstrated their potential to enhance visitor engagement and learning, most existing theoretical models have been developed in technologically advanced contexts and remain insufficiently adapted to the institutional, cultural, and infrastructural realities of African museums and university libraries. This study addresses this gap by proposing Cissé's Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI), a systemic framework that integrates technological, human, institutional, and contextual dimensions into a unified model for immersive cultural heritage experiences.

A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 250 respondents drawn from the Central University Library of Cheikh Anta Diop University and the Léopold Sédar Senghor Museum in Senegal. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The measurement model was assessed in terms of reliability and validity, while the structural model was evaluated using path coefficients, bootstrapping, coefficients of determination, effect sizes and predictive relevance.

The findings indicate that interaction, cultural mediation, technological readiness and contextual adaptation significantly influence immersive experiences and visitor engagement. Unlike conventional technology-centred models, the ACMI demonstrates that the effectiveness of immersive technologies depends on the continuous interaction between technological capabilities, institutional objectives, cultural mediation and local contextual conditions. The model therefore provides a holistic explanation of how immersive experiences contribute to heritage valorisation in African cultural institutions.

This study contributes to the literature by introducing one of the first empirically validated systemic models specifically designed for African museums and university libraries. Beyond its theoretical contribution, the ACMI offers practical guidance for museum professionals, librarians, policymakers and researchers seeking to implement sustainable and culturally responsive immersive technologies.

Keywords: Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI); Virtual Reality; Augmented Reality; Cultural Heritage; Museums; University Libraries; Cultural Mediation; PLS-SEM; SmartPLS 4; Africa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/795

Perceived Workplace Autonomy Scale (PWAS): A Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation Among Moroccan Nurses

2026-08-01T12:58:12+00:00

Background: A complex profession such as nursing requires technical expertise as well as transversal skills. Nurses face multiple daily decisions, including task prioritization, time management, and maintaining constructive relationships. In this context, autonomy competency is an essential component of job performance, satisfaction, and care quality.

Aim: This study aims to examine the factor structure and internal consistency of a self-administered scale to assess nurses’ perceived autonomy competence; their belief in their own capacity to act autonomously, as distinct from structural job autonomy; as well as to identify its underlying dimensions.

Methods: A cross- sectional questionnaire was conducted with 286 nurses from three hospitals in Morocco. The scale comprised 14 items grouped into four theoretical dimensions. A clarity pre-test with five nurses was conducted to ensure comprehension and refine item wording before full administration. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine construct validity. In addition, internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis using Principal Axis Factoring, combined with parallel analysis, revealed a single underlying factor accounting for 50.1% of the total variance. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.931).

Conclusion: The study provides preliminary evidence of the scale’s internal consistency and unidimensional structure. This tool can help healthcare managers identify areas for improvement and implement continuing training to strengthen autonomy, thereby enhancing nursing practice and patient care outcomes.

Key words: Autonomy, Workplace Autonomy, competency, scale development.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/797

Microbiological profile and therapeutic management of urinary tract infections in pregnant women in Likasi, haut-Katanga (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

2026-08-02T15:26:51+00:00

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a major infectious complication during pregnancy, associated with significant obstetric and neonatal risks. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, limited access to microbiological diagnosis and rising antibiotic resistance greatly complicate their management.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, determine the microbiological profile, and analyze the antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens isolated from pregnant women in Likasi in order to optimize local antibiotic therapy.

Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted among pregnant women recruited via stratified random sampling in Likasi. Urine samples were analyzed using standardized urine culture (ECBU) at the AFRIDEX Polyclinic Laboratory. Isolation was performed according to CA-SFM/EUCAST guidelines, while identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using the automated VITEK 2 Compact system. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS.

Results: This study revealed a UTI prevalence of 43.3% in the overall population. The pregnant women had a mean age of 25.3 ± 6 years; the majority were housewives (50.0%) and were attending prenatal care (PNC) in the second trimester (74.1%), with the Panda district being the most represented (39.2%). No significant association was found between these characteristics and infection (p>0.05). The microbiological profile was dominated by *Escherichia coli* (46.2%), *Klebsiella pneumoniae* (15.4%), and *Proteus mirabilis* (9.6%). The highest susceptibility rates were observed for amikacin (76.9%), ertapenem (69.2%), and imipenem (63.5%), while vancomycin and linezolid were 100% effective against Gram-positive cocci. Conversely, high levels of resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin were observed. These results highlight the need to strengthen routine urine culture screening and update local antibiotic treatment protocols for pregnant women.

Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant women in Likasi is alarming. Given the documented critical resistance to aminopenicillins, implementing routine urine culture screening during prenatal visits and regulating empirical antibiotic therapy are essential in the region.

Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy, Microbiological profile, Antibiogram, Likasi, DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/798

Teaching socio-cultural aspects in literary texts at secondary school level: towards the development of social skills in language lessons to facilitate the learner’s smooth integration

2026-08-08T23:01:23+00:00

This study represents our modest contribution to the teaching of texts in upper secondary school classes in particular, and to all secondary school classes in general. Our foremost concern is to see secondary school French teachers develop pupils’ understanding of sociocultural aspects when teaching texts. Indeed, French teachers currently focus solely on developing linguistic aspects when teaching texts, without any reference to cultural aspects. This is why we have sought to find a solution that provides an effective response to the teaching of texts by addressing the axiological dimension, with a view to helping learners develop the attitudes and qualities necessary for successful social integration.

Keywords: Sociocultural aspects, teaching, text, critical analysis.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/801

ETHICAL CONSUMPTION OF MEAT IN MOROCCO: BETWEEN HALAL-TAYYIB, TRUST, SANITARY QUALITY, ANIMAL WELFARE AND SUSTAINABILITY

2026-08-09T17:34:50+00:00

Meat consumption in Morocco is not solely a nutritional or economic choice. It stands at the crossroads of religious lawfulness, sanitary quality, trust in the seller and the supply chain, product origin, slaughter conditions, traceability and, increasingly, environmental and animal-welfare concerns. This narrative review aims to analyze the foundations of ethical meat consumption in Morocco and to compare them with the dominant frameworks in Western countries. The available literature shows that the Halal referential is a central determinant, but that a broader approach through the concept of Tayyib makes it possible to integrate wholesomeness, quality, integrity, transparency and harm prevention. In Western countries, meat ethics is more institutionalized around animal welfare, environmental footprint, reduction of meat consumption, traceability and labelling. In Morocco, these emerging dimensions combine with mechanisms of relational trust, attachment to Beldi products, and the proximity of supply circuits. An integrative model is proposed around five axes: Halal-Tayyib integrity, safety and quality, trust-traceability, socio-environmental responsibility, and animal welfare. Moroccan empirical studies are needed to measure their relative weight in purchasing behavior.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/804

ECONOMIC ISSUES OF GENERIC MEDICINES: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MOROCCO

2026-08-10T17:53:31+00:00

Introduction: Rising pharmaceutical expenditure is a major challenge for the sustainability of health systems. Generic medicines are an important lever for controlling costs, stimulating competition and improving access to treatment. However, their economic effect depends on pricing and reimbursement policies, prescribing and substitution mechanisms, the degree of competition, supply tensions, and the trust of professionals and patients. Objective: To analyse the main economic issues associated with generic medicines in the recent literature, to identify the mechanisms through which they influence prices, pharmaceutical expenditure and financial accessibility, and to discuss the implications for Morocco. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted from 1 January 2015 to 10 August 2026 in Scopus and PubMed. The Scopus query identified 855 documents (743 articles and 112 reviews), and a consolidated selection of 100 PubMed references was added. After merging, 955 records were deduplicated by title normalisation; 55 duplicates were removed, leaving 900 unique references. An initial title-based screening was applied according to economic, pharmaceutical-policy, access, prescribing and substitution criteria. Results: After deduplication, 900 unique references were examined by title. Of these, 439 were excluded and 461 were retained for abstract and/or full-text verification. Conclusion: Generic medicines represent a major lever for pharmaceutical sustainability, but their effectiveness depends on an integrated policy combining price, competition, reimbursement, prescribing, substitution, quality and availability. For Morocco, the ongoing extension of universal health coverage reinforces the relevance of such a strategy.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/805

Art Education in the Age of Digital Cultural Media: From Aesthetic Reception to Knowledge Production and Creative Participation

2026-08-12T08:06:32+00:00

This study examines the transformations that art education has undergone in the wake of the emergence of digital cultural media, as a new space for the production and circulation of culture and the reshaping of modes of reception and participation. It aims to reveal the transition that art education has undergone from a traditional model focused on the acquisition of skills and imitation to a cognitive model that makes art a field for constructing meaning, developing creative thinking and producing aesthetic knowledge.

The study adopted an analytical approach drawing on the philosophy of art, educational sciences, the psychology of reception, and digital cultural studies, in order to understand the transformations affecting the roles of learners, the nature of the artwork, and the position of the recipient within the digital environment. The findings revealed that digital cultural media is no longer merely a medium for transmitting works of art, but has become an interactive space that reshapes the relationship between the artist and the audience, transforming the recipient from a consumer of content into a participant in the production of its meanings.

The study concludes that contemporary art education is called upon to develop a new model that combines aesthetics, technology and critical thinking, transforming the learner into a cultural agent capable of producing artistic knowledge and participating in the shaping of visual culture within the digital creative community.

Keywords: art education; digital cultural media; aesthetic reception; visual culture; participatory creativity.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/809

The Authority of Criticism and Its Limits in Critiquing Authority: Abu Hayyan al Tawhidi as a Case Study

2026-08-13T10:50:48+00:00

The power of criticism is only realised in its fullest form when it springs from a writer who has lived through reality and tasted the bitterness of political tyranny; for then his criticism becomes a sincere expression of lived experience, not merely a theoretical stance. A writer who has experienced injustice and oppression under the authority of the state is better able to expose its flaws and reveal its hypocrisy. From this perspective, criticism of authority becomes a form of uprising against inequality and a voice rejecting all forms of oppression.

However, this criticism often crosses familiar boundaries, becoming more intense and fiercer, and may slip into exposing individuals and undermining their prestige, revealing them in a light that was previously concealed behind a façade of honour and prestige. This is clearly evident in the work of Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, particularly in his book *The Ethics of the Two Ministers*, in which he directed scathing criticism at political authority, employing a sharp and satirical style characterised by both boldness and bitterness.

The impact of this criticism was such that it became the talk of the town, was held deep within people’s hearts, and was revealed through their actions, despite all attempts to suppress or downplay it. Thus, al-Tawhidi demonstrates that the power of criticism, however much it is met with resistance, remains capable of exposing authority and shattering its aura.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/810

Rainfall-induced instability of high road cut slopes in tropical lateritic soils: numerical assessment and stabilization performance

2026-08-13T10:02:17+00:00

This study numerically assessed the stability of a high road cut slope subjected to rainfall infiltration, on the Olembe–Obala Interchange Road section near Nkolngem, in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Hourly climatic data spanning 25 years (2000–2025) were obtained from NASA POWER and cross-validated against Climate Research Unit monthly records, yielding a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.949 and a mean relative error of 9%, confirming data reliability. Extreme rainfall intensities were extracted and fitted to the Gumbel distribution, with adequacy verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, accepted for 84% of durations analyzed. Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves were then constructed for return periods of 2 to 100 years. Infiltration modeling was performed using SEEP/W, with soil hydraulic properties estimated via the Fredlund and Xing model, under two complementary approaches namely a soil-climate interaction approach using continuous hourly time series, and a unit water flux approach simulating discrete extreme events. Slope stability was evaluated using SLOPE/W, combining the Morgenstern-Price limit equilibrium method and a finite element stress-based approach implemented through SIGMA/W, with both methods yielding consistent results within a mean relative difference of 2.72%. In the absence of stabilization, the safety factor decreased under the combined effect of rainfall intensity and duration, falling below the critical threshold of 1.3 during prolonged events exceeding 24 hours. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that rainfall duration influences the safety factor approximately eight times more than intensity. Two stabilization techniques were evaluated. Vegetation cover, modeled using the Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration method with parameters representative of tropical grasses, increased the safety factor by 4% to 32% depending on event characteristics, primarily through a gain in superficial cohesion from root reinforcement, and maintained the safety factor above 1.3 even for 24-hour events. Masonry revetments with weep holes reduced the maximum degree of saturation by approximately 20% and raised the safety factor by more than 35% during extreme events, consistently keeping slopes above the required safety threshold. These findings highlight the high sensitivity of unstabilized tropical cut slopes to rainfall infiltration and confirm the effectiveness of both vegetation and masonry revetments as context-adapted stabilization solutions.

Keywords: Rainfall-induced slope failure; Tropical lateritic soils; Transient infiltration; Limit equilibrium method; Finite element method; Slope stabilization.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/811

Geographic Accessibility of Neonatal Incubators in Cameroon: Current and Prospective Modelling using Cost-Distance Analysis towards the African Union Agenda 2063

2026-08-13T10:12:35+00:00

Neonatal incubators are essential tracer equipment for newborn survival, yet in much of sub-Saharan Africa their benefit is limited less by their number than by how far a newborn must travel to reach one. This study analysed the geographic accessibility of neonatal incubators across Cameroon's 210 health districts using a raster-based cost-distance analysis implemented in AccessMod 5, which models travel time to the nearest incubator-equipped facility while accounting for road network, land cover, terrain, and hydrographic barriers. Population coverage was estimated at four travel-time thresholds (½, 1, 1½, 2 hours) for the current situation (2024) and for two prospective scenarios projected to the African Union's Agenda 2063 horizon: a Catastrophic trajectory of infrastructure degradation and high population growth, and a Desirable trajectory combining road investment and targeted facility capacity-strengthening. Under the current, Status Quo situation, only 53.60% of the population was covered within half an hour, rising to 77.15% within 2 hours, 2.85 percentage points short of the WHO/Lancet Commission's 80% benchmark, with 42.86% of districts more than two hours' travel from care and marked disparity concentrated in the North-West, South-West, Far North and East regions. Under the Catastrophic scenario, 2-hour coverage was projected to fall to 67.14%, whereas the Desirable scenario raised it to 89.40%, lifting the number of WHO-compliant districts from 115 in Status Quo to 152 of 210 under that scenario. These findings show that Cameroon's neonatal incubator accessibility gap is severe but not fixed, and that targeted, spatially-informed investment in roads and facility capacity could close it well within the Agenda 2063 horizon.

Keywords: neonatal incubator, geographic accessibility, cost-distance analysis, AccessMod, Agenda 2063.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/812

The Teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville

2026-08-15T11:45:10+00:00

This article highlights the teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville, located in the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The teaching of Latin in this town is linked to evangelisation and the work of Catholic missionaries. Although considered a dead language, Latin remains a fundamental tool for linguistic, intellectual and cultural education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, aimed at preparing pupils for higher and university education, and for various professional careers. A survey of 15 teachers reveals a contradiction, if not a paradox: whilst today’s teachers are better qualified than those of the 1980s and early 1990s (thanks, of course, to the establishment of the ISP Bandundu in the 1990s), the standard and performance of learners in Latin have declined considerably. The study outlines some of the causes of this underperformance.

Keywords: Teaching of Latin, Bandundu-Ville, decline in pupils’ standards, usefulness of Latin, documentation.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/813

The Recruitment of Representatives for Public Enterprises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2026-08-15T11:41:18+00:00

This study analyses the process of recruiting and appointing directors of public enterprises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It highlights the gap between legal requirements based on competence and meritocracy and appointment practices that are often influenced by political considerations. Using a qualitative, descriptive and analytical approach based on a literature review and the analysis of data relating to 150 executives, the study examines their profiles, their methods of appointment and certain aspects relating to governance. The results reveal, in particular, a strong male predominance (90.67 per cent), a significant concentration in the transport sector and a predominance of appointment method 1 (82 per cent). The study thus highlights the need to strengthen transparency, meritocracy, performance evaluation and the professionalisation of the recruitment process in order to improve the governance and efficiency of Congolese public enterprises.

Keywords: Public enterprises; recruitment; public officials; appointment; governance; meritocracy; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/814

Digital finance and economic growth in CEPGL countries: a dynamic analysis using Panel data (2000–2024)

2026-08-15T13:20:24+00:00

The digital transformation of financial systems is one of the major shifts in contemporary economies and is attracting growing interest in developing countries, where shortcomings in traditional banking coexist with the rapid spread of digital technologies. Digital finance is thus likely to improve access to financial services, reduce transaction costs, facilitate payments and enhance the efficiency of financial intermediation. However, its effects on economic growth remain contingent on the quality of digital infrastructure, the level of human capital, the institutional and regulatory environment, and its integration with the financing of productive activity. This article analyses the effect of the development of digital finance on economic growth in the countries of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) – namely the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi – over the period 2000–2024. The study utilises panel data and a composite index of digital finance development (ISFD), supplemented by variables relating to information and communication technologies (ICT), digital financial education (FinEduDig), public-private partnerships in ICT (PPP_ICT) and the money supply. The econometric strategy is based successively on stationarity tests, Kao’s cointegration test, the estimation of an ARDL panel model, and robustness and causality tests. The results highlight the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables studied, but do not confirm the hypothesis of a positive and statistically significant effect of the development of digital finance on economic growth. The research hypothesis is therefore rejected. This seemingly paradoxical result is, however, qualified by the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, which reveals a unidirectional causality from the development of digital finance towards economic growth, with a probability associated with the Z-bar statistic of 0.0319. The null hypothesis of non-causality is thus rejected at the 5 per cent significance level. These results suggest that digital finance has real potential for economic transformation, but that this potential remains insufficiently translated into aggregate growth in CEPGL countries. The article therefore advocates an integrated policy combining the development of digital and energy infrastructure, financial inclusion, financial and digital literacy, improved regulation, and the channelling of financial innovation towards productive investment.

Keywords: Digital finance; economic growth; ARDL model using panel data; cointegration; causality; CEPGL; financial inclusion.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/816