International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

A comparison of managerial practices in public and private hospitals in Lubumbashi: towards differentiated performance in health services: The case of the Jason Sendwe Provincial Tertiary Referral Hospital and the Afia Don Bosco Polyclinic

BANZE DYAKANDA Dalton — 2026-08-01

The performance of health services depends largely on the managerial practices implemented. This study aims to compare management practices between a public hospital (Jason Sendwe) and a private polyclinic (Afia Don Bosco) in Lubumbashi, in order to assess their impact on the overall performance of health services.

A comparative, quantitative study was conducted at two healthcare facilities. Eight key management and performance indicators were assessed using a questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. The means were compared using Student’s t-test for independent samples.

Of the eight indicators assessed, only the quality of care showed a statistically significant difference in favour of the private sector (mean = 3.33 vs 3.07; t = 2.491; p = 0.015). Waiting times also tended to be shorter in the private sector (p ≈ 0.05). No other indicator (patient satisfaction, efficiency, training, culture, autonomy) showed a significant difference.

The results suggest that private hospitals may perform better in terms of quality of care, probably due to better internal organisation and more rigorous monitoring. However, patient satisfaction appears to be slightly higher in the public sector, although the difference is not statistically significant. The lack of marked differences in other areas indicates a gradual convergence of managerial practices between the two sectors in Lubumbashi.

Keywords: Management practices, hospital performance, public hospital, private clinic, Lubumbashi.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/904

The role of artificial intelligence in companies’ marketing strategies: an exploratory study amongst marketing professionals in Morocco

Salma ERRAOUI — 2026-08-01

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have radically transformed the dynamics of today’s business world. One of the most significant applications of AI lies in the field of marketing. This paper aims to determine the influence of AI on marketing from the perspective of Moroccan experts. To this end, an in-depth literature review was conducted, which provided a solid understanding of AI and its use in the field of marketing. Subsequently, we opted for semi-structured interviews with marketing professionals from 10 Moroccan companies. The results of the study highlight the factors influencing the integration of AI within the organisations surveyed, the benefits and barriers to integrating AI into marketing, as well as pre- and post-AI marketing strategies, whilst naturally taking into account ethical considerations and the use of AI by these organisations.

Keywords: Marketing, artificial intelligence, qualitative approach, exploratory study, Morocco.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/918

Hygiene, sanitation and CBRN security in Kinshasa: between regulations and practices in the Saïo neighbourhood

Sarah Kinsona Bombile — 2026-08-01

Background: Hygiene and sanitation are major determinants of public health and health security. In the working-class neighbourhoods of Kinshasa, uncontrolled urbanisation, a lack of infrastructure and a lack of awareness of regulations expose the population to high health and CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) risks.

Objective: To assess the quality of hygiene and sanitation, the level of awareness of regulations and the CBRN risks associated with the Saïo neighbourhood, in the municipality of Kasa-Vubu, Kinshasa.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 165 households selected using stratified random sampling by street. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire, a direct observation checklist and semi-structured interviews. Bivariate analysis used the chi-squared test (p < 0.05).

Results: Hygiene and sanitation standards were poor in 58.8 per cent of households. Only 37.0 per cent practised handwashing with soap and water, 58.8 per cent engaged in fly-tipping, and 53.9 per cent discharged wastewater onto the street. Single-pit latrines were the most common (60.6 per cent), 75.2 per cent of households shared their toilets, and 76.4 per cent of facilities were unsanitary. Level of education (p = 0.009), o , employment status (p < 0.001) and income (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with sanitation quality. With regard to regulations, 82.4 per cent of households were unaware of the existence of legal provisions relating to hygiene and sanitation, and 91.5 per cent had never received any awareness-raising on CBRN risks.

Conclusion: The hygiene and sanitation situation in the Saïo neighbourhood is generally poor, exposing the population to CBRN risks. Integrated interventions, including health education, enforcement of regulations and CBRN risk management, are required.

Keywords: Kinshasa, hygiene, sanitation, regulations, CBRN risks, public health, Saïo neighbourhood.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/917

Heavy metal contamination (PB, CD, AS, CR) in NPK 17-17-17 fertilizers marketed in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: regulatory compliance, health and environmental risk assessment

Bien Aimé Ndongala — 2026-08-01

Background: The intensification of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kinshasa, driven by the food demands of a rapidly growing population, has led to massive use of chemical fertilizers, particularly NPK 17-17-17, valued for its balanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. However, these fertilizers, often imported without rigorous quality control, raise concerns about the presence of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Cr) and their potential risks to human health and the environment through bioaccumulation and trophic transfer.

Objective: This study aims to quantify heavy metal concentrations in NPK 17-17-17 fertilizers marketed in Kinshasa and assess their compliance with international standards (FAO, EU, ECOWAS).

Methods: Four types of NPK 17-17-17 fertilizers from different origins were sampled from five sales points in the communes of Lemba, Limete, Masina, Ngaba, and Matete. Samples were digested using HNO₃/H₂O₂ with microwave assistance and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with graphite furnace and hydride generation. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Tukey's test, and hazard quotient (HQ) calculation.

Results: All analyzed samples showed heavy metal concentrations well below international thresholds: Cadmium from 0.00 to 0.20 mg/kg (FAO limit: 20 mg/kg), Lead from 0.00 to 0.75 mg/kg (FAO limit: 100 mg/kg), Arsenic from 0.00 to 0.30 mg/kg (FAO limit: 50 mg/kg), and Chromium from 0.00 to 0.20 mg/kg (FAO limit: 100 mg/kg). pH ranged from 4.10 to 7.50 and moisture from 1.12% to 3.82%. Significant differences were observed among origins (p < 0.05), with Sample A showing the highest concentrations. All hazard quotients (HQ) were < 1, indicating acceptable risk levels.

Conclusion: NPK 17-17-17 fertilizers currently marketed in Kinshasa comply with international heavy metal standards. However, the variability among origins and the absence of systematic quality control justify continuous monitoring to prevent any future risk of food chain contamination. Implications for CBRN risk mitigation are discussed.

Keywords: Heavy metals, NPK fertilizers, Kinshasa, Risk assessment, Food safety, Environmental contamination, Regulatory compliance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/916

Preventive Maintenance of Inkjet Printers: The Case of the City of Kabinda (DRC)

MULENDA NGOYI Martin — 2026-08-01

Inkjet printers are widely used in public administrations, schools, businesses and service centres in the city of Kabinda. However, their availability and service life are affected by breakdowns linked in particular to insufficient preventive maintenance, the variable quality of consumables, dust and power supply disruptions. This study aims to analyse the main causes of breakdowns and preventive maintenance practices in the city of Kabinda, and then to propose a model suited to the local context. The study adopts a quantitative approach supplemented by qualitative observations, involving 60 respondents selected through purposive sampling, comprising 45 users and 15 technicians. Data were collected using a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and direct observations, and then analysed using frequencies and percentages. The results indicate that clogged print heads account for 36.7 per cent of reported causes, faulty cartridges for 23.3 per cent, whilst 45 per cent of respondents state that they never carry out preventive maintenance. Corrective maintenance remains the most common type (65 per cent). These results show a link between insufficient preventive maintenance and the faults observed, although they do not, on their own, establish statistical causality. The study proposes a five-step model: periodic inspection, preventative cleaning, diagnosis, minor corrective action and follow-up and evaluation. It also recommends a maintenance schedule, user training, electrical protection, better management of consumables and a comparative cost-benefit analysis of preventative and corrective maintenance.

Keywords: Inkjet Printers; Preventive Maintenance; Printer Diagnostics; Equipment Reliability; Printhead Cleaning; Maintenance Strategies; Service Life; Kabinda; Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/915

Impact of setting up a computer centre in Kabinda

MULENDA NGOYI Martin — 2026-08-01

Digital transformation is now a key driver of socio-economic development. In inland towns of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly in Kabinda, limited access to information and communication technologies (ICT) is hindering the acquisition of digital skills and the modernisation of services. This study aims to assess the impact of establishing a computer centre on the development of digital skills, access to IT services and the improvement of educational, administrative and economic activities in the town of Kabinda. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews and field observations involving students, teachers, administrative staff, entrepreneurs and managers of the computer centre. The results show that the establishment of the IT centre significantly improves access to digital tools, enhances users’ IT skills, facilitates academic and administrative work, and promotes the employability of young people. However, challenges remain, notably insufficient equipment, power cuts, poor internet connectivity and the high cost of maintenance. The study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure, providing ongoing training for users and securing support from public authorities to ensure the long-term sustainability of the IT centre.

Keywords: Computer Centre; Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); Digital Skills; Digital Inclusion; Digital Transformation; Local Development; Kabinda; Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/913

Artificial intelligence and organizational transition boards of directors: Toward enhanced and high-performance governance

Mohamed ELKHAMLICHI — 2026-08-01

The rapid development of artificial intelligence raises fundamental questions regarding the governance of corporations. Drawing on a comparative legal methodology — examining Moroccan law (Law No. 17-95, as amended by Law No. 20-19) alongside the French, European (AI Act), American (Delaware), British, and German legal systems — this article analyzes the conditions under which AI can be integrated as a decision-support tool within boards of directors, as well as the resulting legal consequences. The first part demonstrates that AI constitutes a real lever for improving governance by reducing information asymmetries, strengthening risk oversight, and automating administrative tasks, while remaining legally incapable of replacing the sovereign deliberation of directors. The second part establishes that the use of AI intensifies the fiduciary duties of diligence and disclosure incumbent upon directors, that algorithmic opacity constitutes a major legal obstacle to the adoption of AI in governance, and that Moroccan law is insufficiently equipped to regulate these uses, necessitating urgent legislative reform. The article concludes by proposing the model of the “augmented board of directors,” in which AI acts as a powerful analytical tool under mandatory human supervision, preserving the irreducible primacy of human judgment.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Corporate governance; Board of directors; Fiduciary duty; Algorithmic transparency; Executive liability; AI Act.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/912

Circular bioeconomy in the global south: sustainable solutions for socioeconomic development through innovations in sustainable farming and agricultural techniques in Cameroon

MBANAM BAMBOT Valentine — 2026-08-01

Yaounde, the capital of Cameroon, stands at the forefront of the country's ambitious journey towards sustainable development and inclusive growth. This paper explores the city's pivotal role within the framework of Cameroon's National Development Strategy 2020-2030 (NDS30), which aims to achieve structural transformation and enhance the quality of life for its citizens. By examining the interplay between economic growth, social inclusivity, good governance, and environmental sustainability, this study highlights Yaounde's unique challenges and opportunities. The NDS30, built upon the lessons of the Growth and Employment Strategy Paper (GESP), emphasizes modernizing agricultural practices, promoting industrial development, and strengthening public institutions. Yaounde's development is a microcosm of these national efforts, showcasing how strategic planning and inclusive policies can drive progress. The alignment of the NDS30 with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) further underscores Cameroon's commitment to global sustainability initiatives. Through a comprehensive analysis, this paper offers insights into how Yaounde can serve as a model for sustainable urban development in the Global South, inspiring similar transformations in other regions.

Keywords: Yaounde, Sustainable Development, Vertical Agriculture, Agricultural Modernization, Waste-to-value initiatives.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/911

Drinking Water Network Users’ Associations and the sustainability of community-managed systems in the town of Kindu

Kayobola Kangombe Thomas — 2026-08-01

Access to drinking water remains a major problem in the DRC, particularly in secondary towns such as Kindu, where REGIDESO does not serve the entire population. Drinking Water Network Users’ Associations (ASUREP) provide a grassroots solution by ensuring water distribution through community mini-water networks installed in certain neighbourhoods of the town, as well as their maintenance and the collection of revenue from water sales. The study examined the sustainability of four ASUREPs in Kindu (RVA, Big Five, Kabasoga/Airport and Basoko), based on surveys of 150 households and 20 association leaders.

The results reveal contrasting situations. RVA and Basoko offer more satisfactory technical continuity, whilst Kabasoga/Airport and Big Five suffer frequent interruptions. Financially, RVA and Big Five have more robust cash flow and publish their balance sheets, whereas the other two do not. Community participation is strong overall, but issues of representativeness undermine Kabasoga/Aéroport and Basoko.

Sustainability rests on three pillars: technical performance, financial stability and inclusive social participation. ASUREPs that combine these dimensions, such as RVA, prove to be more resilient. The study recommends strengthening training for managers, improving transparency and providing institutional support to these associations to consolidate their role in participatory water governance in the DRC.

Keywords: Access to drinking water, Drinking Water Network Users’ Associations, Sustainability, Community governance, Resilience, Kindu.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/909

Metabolic Rifts and Modernity: Single-Use Plastics, Composting Logics, and the Remaking of Urban Foodways in Yaounde

MBANAM BAMBOT Valentine — 2026-08-01

Single-use Plastics have become undeniably the most adopted packaging option in Yaounde’s urban foodways because they represent modernity. This paper diagnoses a paradox. A paradox festering within Yaounde’s shiny, plastic embrace. Through a medical anthropological lens, I analyse this single-use reality. I frame the plastic bag, bottle, Styrofoam box as potent biocultural objects. Objects that are actively reshaping perceptions with regards to hygiene, reshaping the society as a whole. My qualitative data from 88 households across the city’s seven subdivisions reveals a powerful valorisation. Plastics symbolize urban modernity, a perceived hygiene, yet they simultaneously corrode the traditional food-sharing rituals and generate new forms of perpetual waste creating public health anxiety.

This linear logic co-exists with another logic, an older and persistent marginalised practice of circular composting. This indigenous composting, systematically frames as a “backward” or “primitive” purely rural practice. This devalued framing is what crystalizes the metabolic rift in the socio-ecological fabric of the city. A rupture where competing cultural logics of disposal fractures the urban ecology. This work posits the stark co-existence. Therefore, effective policy must bridge this rift. It must move beyond the failing paradigm of surface-level solutions. It must consider indigenous knowledge of circularity, a path that is culturally resonant and offers sustainable solutions to heal the rift.

Keywords: Medical Anthropology, Single-Use Plastics, Metabolic Rift, Urban Food Systems, Composting, Cameroon, Biocultural Objects, Waste Governance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/908

Study based on the pharmacological toxicology of Lamiaceae plants, Artemisia, Plantago major L, and psyllium in Morrocco

Fatima Aslaou — 2026-08-01

Absinthe, or Artemisia absinthium L, is a plant in the Asteraceae family (formerly Compositae). It is a biennial or perennial herbaceous species of wormwood that grows between 0.4 and 1 meter tall. The plant is covered in silky white and silvery hairs that create a kind of down, giving it an ash-gray look. Its rhizome is tough. In southern Morocco, obesity is seen as essential for Sahrawi women because it reflects being raised in a wealthy household and makes them attractive to men who mainly look for a woman of noble lineage and a voluptuous figure; abdominal obesity is very common. Remember, obesity is considered important for Sahrawi women as it signifies a wealthy upbringing, making them desirable to men who primarily seek a woman of noble lineage and a plump figure. Plantaginaceae use: While Lamiaceae is often dominant, Plantago species from the Plantaginaceae family, such as Plantago major or Plantago ovata, are recognized.

Keywords: Obesite, Artemisia absinthium L, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, alpha-Thujone, Brassicaceae.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/907

Time management and managerial practices in healthcare institutions in South Kikwit

MBALA KASONGO Papy — 2026-08-01

Introduction: Time management is a key factor in performance within healthcare institutions. However, in resource-constrained countries, healthcare managers are often faced with organisational constraints that may affect the efficiency of services. This study aimed to analyse time management and managerial practices in healthcare institutions in South Kikwit in order to identify their influence on the functioning of healthcare facilities.

Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 112 healthcare professionals and administrative managers selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results: The results show that 56.3 per cent of respondents stated that managers plan their daily activities, and 67.0 per cent reported the existence of a formal diary or schedule. Task delegation is practised regularly by 83.0 per cent of participants. However, 60.7 per cent indicated that scheduled meetings are rarely used. Furthermore, 56.3 per cent of respondents consider their workload to be high, and 60.7 per cent report frequent interruptions whilst carrying out their tasks.

Conclusion: Time management practices exist in healthcare institutions in South Kikwit but remain insufficiently structured. Work overload and frequent interruptions are the main obstacles to effective time management. Strengthening managerial capacity, improving planning and optimising human resources appear to be priority strategies for improving organisational performance.

Keywords: Time management; Managerial practices; Healthcare institutions; Healthcare management; South Kikwit.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/906

Descriptive analysis of physiotherapists’ knowledge and practices in the DRC

NASIAMA KITHO Francine — 2026-08-01

Physiotherapy plays a vital role in the prevention of disability and functional rehabilitation. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the need for rehabilitation care is increasing, yet few studies have assessed the professional knowledge and practices of physiotherapists. This study aimed to conduct a descriptive analysis of the knowledge and practices of physiotherapists practising in the DRC.

This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach, conducted amongst physiotherapists practising in various public and private healthcare facilities in the DRC. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, scientific knowledge and professional practices. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were carried out using the chi-square test, Student’s t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations.

The results showed variability in the level of knowledge and professional practices depending on educational attainment, professional experience and participation in continuing professional development. Several participants expressed a significant need for further training. Statistical analyses highlighted certain associations between academic level, access to scientific workshops and professional practices. A lack of specialised equipment and limited access to scientific resources were identified as major constraints.

This study highlights the challenges faced by physiotherapists in the DRC, notably the lack of continuing professional development and technical resources. Professional capacity building, improvements to healthcare infrastructure and the promotion of evidence-based practices appear necessary to improve the quality of functional rehabilitation care.

Keywords: Physiotherapy; knowledge; professional practices; functional rehabilitation; DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/905

Reflections on marketing ethics in the face of the challenges posed by artificial intelligence and big data: rethinking values and rules in the digital age

Salma ERRAOUI — 2026-08-01

The field of marketing has evolved considerably over the years and continues to face a recurring ethical dilemma, torn between moral considerations and the pursuit of profit. At present, major companies specialising in technology-driven marketing are making extensive use of databases, data analytics, targeting based on users’ past behaviour, precision targeting and even micro-targeting. When addressing the issue of ethics and governance of artificial intelligence in the digital marketing sector, it is essential to engage first and foremost with the key players in the advertising industry. Their business model relies on the exploitation of users’ personal data and the sale of advertising space. Users of these high-quality, free services have tacitly agreed to pay for them by sharing their personal data. This issue has a significant impact on global society, and it appears that further debate is needed. At a global level, one challenge is to rethink the current social contract and strike a balance between innovation and risk mitigation. Several principles relating to the governance of artificial intelligence have been set out by organisations such as the UN, the OECD, the European Union, the World Economic Forum and the IEEE. Although these guidelines share many similarities, the question arises as to how well they are suited to specific sectors, such as digital marketing. These policies are not legally binding and can only be implemented at government level. However, marketing technologies operate on a global scale, data centres are spread across the globe, and ethical considerations are influenced by culture, which complicates the adoption of new standardised approaches.

Keywords: Marketing Ethics; Artificial Intelligence (AI); Big Data Analytics (BDA); Digital Marketing; Consumer Privacy; Data Governance; Corporate Responsibility; Algorithmic Transparency; Consumer Trust; Ethical AI.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/919

Free maternity care and its impact on gender equality in financial protection in public hospitals in Kinshasa in 2024

KPAGBOMA LOTSNA Cyriaque — 2026-08-01

In 2019, the Democratic Republic of the Congo adopted the National Strategic Plan for Universal Health Coverage 2020–2030, aiming to ensure equitable access to healthcare with financial protection. However, persistent gender disparities limit women’s access to health services, due to structural economic and occupational inequalities. This study analyses the impact of free maternity care on gender-equitable financial protection in public hospitals in Kinshasa.

A comparative study was conducted in four public hospitals in Kinshasa (University Clinics, Ngaliema Clinic, Lemba General Referral Hospital and Ngaba Hospital Centre). Two independent samples were analysed: 2,329 patients in debt in 2021 (before the introduction of free maternity care) and 5,376 in 2024 (after its implementation). The Z-test for proportions was used to compare gender differences in hospital debt.

In 2021, the proportion of women with catastrophic hospital debt was significantly higher than that of men (p < 0.05). In 2024, following the introduction of free maternity care (September 2023), the proportions of debt between men and women had statistically equalised.

These results suggest that free maternity care has reduced gender inequalities relating to financial protection in public hospitals in Kinshasa. The programme thus contributes to one of the key objectives of Universal Health Coverage: equitable access to healthcare for all.

Keywords: Free maternity care, financial protection, gender, equity, Kinshasa, 2024.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/903

Assessment of exposure to air pollution and its effects on the respiratory health of mine workers in the Kanzenze health zone in Kolwezi

KASONGO MUTWALE Marcel — 2026-08-01

Introduction: Air pollution is a major public health problem, particularly in mining areas where exposure to fine particulate matter and toxic gases is high.

Methods: A mixed-methods study (quantitative and qualitative) was conducted amongst 100 mining workers in the Kanzenze health zone in Kolwezi. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression, as well as a thematic analysis of the verbatim transcripts.

Results: The results show predominantly moderate to high exposure to air pollutants. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was 65 per cent. A significant association was observed between the level of exposure and respiratory conditions (p < 0.05). Risk factors include high exposure, duration of exposure and failure to use PPE. The qualitative findings confirm a high perception of risk, though this is limited by socio-economic constraints.

Discussion: The results are consistent with studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, showing a close link between air pollution and respiratory diseases.

Conclusion: Air pollution in mining environments poses a major risk to respiratory health, requiring urgent intervention.

Keywords: Air pollution, respiratory health, mine workers, exposure, Kolwezi.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/902

Harmonisation of the accounting treatment of depreciation in public institutions: Lessons from the Congolese experience with IPSAS standards in Idiofa

NTIBI Milamba Anaclet — 2026-08-01

This article analyses the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in local institutions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly in Idiofa. The aim is to assess the degree of regulatory convergence and the challenges relating to financial and documentary governance.

The research is based on an institutional assessment, surveys of financial and technical staff, and statistical tests (χ²) to measure the influence of institutional, functional and individual variables. The results were compared with theories of public governance, normative convergence and benchmarking methodology.

The analyses reveal a partial formalisation of depreciation procedures (χ² = 4.21; p = 0.24) and a harmonisation of depreciation periods that is close to statistical significance (χ² = 6.34; p = 0.09). IPSAS alignment by function is significant (χ² = 9.87; p = 0.04), confirming that financial officers perceive a higher level of compliance. Length of service influences the use of IPSAS standards (χ² = 11.52; p = 0.02), with longer-serving staff exhibiting cultural resistance. Document quality shows a significant trend (χ² = 7.14; p = 0.07), with weaknesses at REGIDESO and SNEL. In conclusion, the complete absence of consolidated dashboards (χ² = 0.00; p = 1.00) highlights a systemic shortcoming.

These results confirm the structural limitations in governance and documentation, and the need for digital modernisation. They are consistent with the findings of other studies on the importance of management tools and transparency.

Convergence with IPSAS cannot be reduced to a mere transposition of standards. It requires legal reform, capacity building, participatory governance and appropriate digital tools to ensure transparency and international comparability.

Keywords: Accounting treatment; Depreciation; Convergence; IPSAS standards in Idiofa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/901

Modelling of an intelligent biosurveillance system based on electronic sensors, big data and statistical analysis for the prediction of variations in biological parameters

Blaise KAPALALA KAPENDA — 2026-08-01

Modern biosurveillance benefits from the convergence of biology, electronics, the Internet of Things, big data, statistical analysis and artificial intelligence. Wearable sensors and biosensors can generate continuous time series describing various physiological or biochemical parameters. However, the scientific value of these measurements depends on the quality of the sensors, signal processing, the ability to manage large data flows and the use of appropriate statistical methods.

This article proposes the modelling of an intelligent biosurveillance system based on an integrated chain ranging from the electronic acquisition of biological parameters to the prediction of their variations. The model combines sensors, signal conditioning, a microcontroller, IoT communication, Big Data infrastructure, pre-processing, multivariate statistical analysis and predictive models.

The proposed methodology is quantitative, longitudinal, analytical and predictive. It involves assessing sensor reliability, conducting descriptive and correlational analyses of signals, analysing time series, and comparing several machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Particular attention is paid to data quality, artefacts, inter-individual variability, confidentiality and the cautious interpretation of algorithmic outputs.

Keywords: Biomonitoring; biosensors; electronics; Big Data; statistical analysis; biological parameters; time series; machine learning; IoT; prediction.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/900

Tax communication and mobilisation of revenue from local income tax in Kisangani: issues, strategies and challenges facing the DGRPT

Papy LUNGUWA Dimandja — 2026-08-01

The mobilisation of tax revenue is a key concern for public authorities, particularly at provincial level where own-source revenue contributes to the financing of development initiatives. In this process, tax communication serves as a tool that can foster a better understanding of tax obligations and improve relations between the administration and taxpayers.

This article focuses on the communication strategies implemented by the Tshopo Provincial Directorate-General of Taxes (DGIPT) as part of the mobilisation of revenue from rental income tax in Kisangani. It examines, in particular, the mechanisms for providing information and raising awareness, the communication channels utilised, the level of knowledge among taxpayers, and the potential links between tax information and taxpayers’ behaviour. Methodologically, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach combining literature review, a questionnaire survey and interviews. To illustrate the presentation and interpretation of the data, a simulation involving 100 taxpayers is presented. The simulated results highlight a positive correlation between the degree of exposure to the DGIPT’s communication initiatives and awareness of tax obligations. They also show that the regularity, simplicity and accessibility of messages are factors likely to enhance the effectiveness of tax communication.

The study thus argues that improving revenue from rental income does not depend solely on audit and collection operations. It also requires educational, ongoing, diverse communication geared towards dialogue with taxpayers.

Keywords: tax communication, public communication, DGIPT, rental income, tax revenue, taxpayers.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/899

Development and application of an integrated framework for evaluating malaria control programmes funded by the Global Fund: a narrative review of logical frameworks, logic models and theories of change

KUPANGI TSHIMBALANGA Maurice — 2026-08-01

Introduction: The effectiveness of malaria control programmes depends on robust planning, monitoring and evaluation systems. The Global Fund, the WHO and technical partners recommend the logical framework, the logic model and the theory of change. However, using them in isolation limits their complementarity and the quality of evaluations.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature based on scientific publications, methodological texts and institutional documents published between 2000 and 2025 (WHO, Global Fund, OECD, World Bank, UNICEF, UNDP). A comparative analysis identified the characteristics, advantages, limitations and complementarities of the three approaches, with a view to their application to the GC7 Malaria/Health System Strengthening (HSS) project in the DRC.

Results: The logical framework structures objectives, indicators and assumptions. The logic model visualises the results chain from inputs to outcomes. The theory of change sets out the causal mechanisms and conditions for success. Together, they form an integrated framework that enhances the coherence of planning, the relevance of monitoring and the interpretation of results.

Discussion: This integrated framework, which is innovative and tailored to current requirements, when applied to the GC7 Malaria/HSS project in the DRC, improves the quality of evaluations, evidence-based decision-making and the performance of malaria control interventions.

Keywords: logical framework; logic model; theory of change; programme evaluation; malaria.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/898

Human resources management practices in hospitals: The case of the Bukavu Provincial General Referral Hospital in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

BASHONA CIMANUKA — 2026-08-01

A hospital is an organisation comprising a range of functions, each with its own specific remit and assigned roles.

The aim of our study is to contribute to the improvement of human resources management based on the major issues identified at the HPGRB. This is a descriptive study with an analytical focus. The study was conducted amongst 384 staff members. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires and analysed statistically.

Following our investigations, we obtained the following results: the majority of respondents were permanent staff (86.4 per cent); staff recruitment is based on subjective criteria (63.6 per cent); a significant number of respondents acknowledge the efforts made by the hospital management to maintain a motivated workforce (36.6 per cent); out of a total of 566 staff members, only 37 receive the government salary (6.53 per cent) and 281 staff members receive the hazard allowance (49.65 per cent); the vast majority consider remuneration to be the key factor in retaining a motivated workforce.

Despite the reforms undertaken, one of the major problems remains the lack of a suitable human resources management policy in terms of motivation, recruitment, staff retention and remuneration of healthcare staff.

In conclusion, like other healthcare organisations that suffer from low human resources efficiency due to various unforeseen circumstances, the HPGRB is no exception; hence its mixed performance in human resources management.

Keywords: Management, human resources, practice, recruitment, remuneration, motivation and hospital.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/897

Assessment of the environmental and health impacts of mining in Kolwezi: a comparative analysis of actual exposure and household perceptions in the Kanzenze health zone

Geneviève Nuncia KON MUZANG — 2026-08-01

Introduction: Mining in Kolwezi is a major economic driver, but it is associated with growing environmental and health risks for local communities. This study aims to assess the actual impacts of these activities and how they are perceived by households in the Kanzenze health zone.

Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining a quantitative survey of 178 households using a structured questionnaire with a qualitative analysis based on semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed using statistical tests (Chi², correlation, regression) and a thematic analysis based on tropes.

Results: Over 70 per cent of households perceive significant environmental degradation, particularly of water and air quality. A high prevalence of respiratory, diarrhoeal and skin diseases was reported. Significant associations were observed between environmental exposure and morbidity (p < 0.05), as well as between the level of information and the perception of risks. Multivariate analysis (R² = 0.58) identified exposure, morbidity and information as the main determinants of perception.

Discussion: The results show an overall consistency between the measured impacts and their perception, although the latter is influenced by social and informational factors.

Conclusion: There is a need to strengthen environmental monitoring, community information and the accountability of mining stakeholders.

Keywords: Mining; Environmental risks; Community health; Risk perception; Kolwezi.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/896

The contribution of artificial intelligence and humanoid robotics to improving productivity, quality and safety in industry 4.0

KAPALALA KAPENDA Blaise — 2026-08-01

The digital transformation of industry is characterised by the increasing integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Industrial Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, digital twins, big data and intelligent robotics. In this environment, humanoid robots are gradually emerging as a new category of systems capable of interacting with infrastructure originally designed for humans. Their combination with artificial intelligence opens up new possibilities for the flexible automation of production, handling, assembly, quality control and maintenance activities.

This article analyses the potential and currently observable contribution of artificial intelligence and humanoid robotics to three fundamental dimensions of industrial performance: productivity, quality and safety. The study is based primarily on an analytical review of recent scientific and institutional literature, supplemented by the development of a conceptual model linking artificial intelligence, robotic capabilities, human–robot collaboration and industrial performance.

The analysis shows that techniques such as machine learning, computer vision, deep learning, natural language processing and intelligent planning can enhance the autonomy and adaptability of robots. However, empirical evidence focusing exclusively on humanoids remains more limited than that concerning conventional and collaborative industrial robots.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; humanoid robot; collaborative robotics; Industry 4.0; productivity; quality; industrial safety; smart factory; human-robot collaboration.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/895

The Hybrid Isomorphism of Public Action: Culture, Crises and Communicative Modernity in Morocco (2020–2024)

Faiçal Arbaoui — 2026-08-01

How does the Moroccan state navigate the imperative of communicative modernity without breaking with its anthropological foundations? This article explores this fundamental tension by moving beyond purely managerial frameworks. To analyse public policy in Morocco, we construct a novel integrative theoretical framework: the influence of cultural legacies (Hofstede’s dimensions) interacts with the agency and reflexivity of institutional actors (Giddens’ structuration theory), all set against the unpredictability of an open ecosystem (Morin’s complexity paradigm). The empirical investigation is based on a semiotic-discursive analysis of the state mechanisms deployed during a period of acute systemic stress (2020–2024), encompassing the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Al Haouz earthquake and the architecture of Special Fund 126. The findings demonstrate that the bureaucratic apparatus does not experience the digital revolution as an identity crisis. Rather, it orchestrates a genuine ‘hybrid isomorphism’: technological innovation and the demand for transparency are actively grafted onto the reactivation of traditional values (verticality of authority, the ‘Touiza’ narrative). By conceptualising this model of ‘hybrid modernity’, this research opens up new heuristic avenues for rethinking the resilience and evolution of state apparatuses in societies of the Global South.

Keywords: public communication; hybrid isomorphism; institutional culture; Hofstede; Giddens; Morin; Morocco; Global South.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/894

Theoretical underpinnings of the relationship between accounting information systems and organisational performance in SMEs: a multi-paradigmatic approach applied to the Senegalese context

Abdou Diouf DIALLO — 2026-08-01

The influence of the accounting information system (AIS) on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remains a theoretically fragmented subject. The literature draws upon – most often in isolation – resource-based theory, contingency theory, the socio-technical approach, neo-institutionalism or agency theory, without always clarifying the relationship between these frameworks, to the detriment of the cumulative body of knowledge on the subject. We propose to construct, based on a narrative and thematic review of the literature, an integrative theoretical framework for the AIS-performance relationship, applied to the specific context of Senegalese SMEs, a significant proportion of which remain rooted in the informal sector. Having clarified the concepts of SMEs, accounting information systems and organisational performance, and having reviewed the state of the art of available empirical research on this relationship in Africa, we propose a multi-paradigmatic interpretation of the relevant theoretical frameworks. We demonstrate that resource-based theory and the socio-technical approach form a complementary explanatory core, insofar as they account for both the strategic value of the accounting information system and the social conditions under which it is adopted by managers, whilst contingency theory, neo-institutionalism and agency theory provide peripheral insights into the conditions and motivations for its adoption. This analysis leads to an integrative conceptual model articulating three general propositions linking the AIS to the commercial, financial and operational performance of SMEs, broken down into sub-propositions distinguishing between the production and the actual use of accounting information. Finally, we discuss the scope of this framework for future empirical research as well as its limitations, notably its exclusively conceptual nature, and propose avenues for empirical validation in the Senegalese context.

Keywords: accounting information system; organisational performance; Senegalese SMEs; resource-based theory; socio-technical approach.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/891

The issue of promiscuity in the Matete district of Kinshasa: Health, social and environmental issues

René NAWEJ YAV — 2026-08-01

Residential overcrowding is a significant issue in urban areas characterised by high population density, dilapidated housing and inadequate sanitation infrastructure. This article analyses the issue of overcrowding in the Matete district of Kinshasa, focusing on its health, social, family and environmental dimensions. The study is based on field research and a descriptive and exploratory approach, supplemented by a review of documents relating to the area under study. The data collected indicate an increase in the number of occupants per dwelling, whilst the number of available rooms tends to decrease relative to household size. It also highlights difficulties with waste disposal, a strong presence of the informal economy, precarious socio-economic conditions and reports of several health problems. Analysis of the data reveals that 70 per cent of respondents rated the family atmosphere as ‘mixed’, whilst 30 per cent rated it as ‘good’. Waste disposal is mainly carried out using handcarts. Our research concludes that overcrowding should not be considered in isolation: it forms part of a set of factors including poverty, inadequate infrastructure, urbanisation and difficulties in waste management. Our recommendations focus on improving housing, sanitation, waste management, urban planning and strengthening community initiatives.

Keywords: overcrowding; housing; sanitation; health; urbanisation; Matete; Kinshasa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/934

Cognitive and emotion-recognition outcomes of the YOTISMA digital intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: a quasi-experimental study in Morocco

Yassine Annaki — 2026-08-01

Digital interventions offer structured and individualized learning opportunities for autistic children, yet evidence from North African contexts remains limited. This study examined the contribution of YOTISMA, an adult-mediated tablet-based program, to the development of cognitive skills and emotion recognition among autistic children in Morocco. A quasi-experimental design was adopted, comparing an intervention group receiving YOTISMA training with a group continuing conventional rehabilitation. A researcher-developed measure was administered before and after the intervention, followed by a short-term reassessment of the intervention group.

Non-parametric analyses indicated significant improvements in cognitive and emotion-recognition performance following YOTISMA training. The intervention group also achieved higher posttest scores than the comparison group on both outcomes. No statistically significant decline was observed at follow-up, although this finding does not provide conclusive evidence of sustained effects. The results suggest that YOTISMA may complement conventional rehabilitation by supporting targeted cognitive learning and facial-emotion recognition. However, the small non-randomized sample, non-blinded assessment, and reliance on a researcher-developed measure require cautious interpretation.

Further studies using larger samples, standardized instruments, independent evaluators, and longer follow-up periods are needed.

Key words: autism spectrum disorder; cognitive skills; digital intervention; emotion recognition; Morocco; tablet-based learning; YOTISMA.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/950

Visibility of Côte d’Ivoire’s documentary heritage: a cartographic study of libraries and archives in the digital age

Mariam BERTE SEKONGO — 2026-08-01

A country’s documentary heritage – comprising books, periodicals, administrative documents and archives – can only fulfil its purpose if it is locatable, accessible and usable. As information-seeking practices now take place online, the digital visibility of the institutions holding this heritage has become a prerequisite for physical access to the collections. However, Côte d’Ivoire does not have an open and up-to-date national directory of its libraries, documentation centres and archives. The aim of this study is to identify the distribution of documentary institutions across Côte d’Ivoire in the digital age. The study was carried out using mixed-methods research, incorporating mapping. The quantitative component is based on an inventory compiled through web searches (Google and Google Scholar). The qualitative component consists of an inductive thematic analysis of a corpus. The results show that 72 entries were identified, of which 58 institutions were selected for analysis and 49 were geolocated. Twenty-one organisations are located in Abidjan; excluding those in the network of reading and cultural activity centres (CLACs), 70 per cent of the geolocated organisations are concentrated there. In summary, a digital directory of Ivorian documentary organisations is possible but incomplete. In fact, it provides a heterogeneous snapshot rather than a reliable directory.

Keywords: Information science; documentary heritage; mapping; digital visibility; Côte d’Ivoire.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/949

The impact of changes in the variables of the modern marketing mix on the performance of commercial enterprises: an empirical analysis extending to the 8Ps

DJEMBA NSOMBE ASTRID — 2026-08-01

This study extends the initial analysis of the marketing mix – which was limited to the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place and Promotion – to a modern 8P model. The four additional dimensions are People, Processes, Physical Evidence and Productivity/Quality. Based on a sample of 180 firms and the parameters provided in the reference document, a coherent analytical extension is proposed to examine the simultaneous variation of the eight levers. The 8P model explains 68.1 per cent of the variance in commercial performance, compared with 58.9 per cent for the initial 4P model, representing an explanatory gain of 9.2 R² points. The highest relative effects relate to Product (β = 0.262), Promotion (β = 0.246), Productivity/quality (β = 0.244) and People (β = 0.198). These results suggest that performance no longer depends solely on the offering and its communication, but also on the quality of the experience, operational execution and the company’s ability to deliver consistent value.

Keywords: modern marketing mix, 8Ps, commercial performance, customer experience, productivity, linear regression, commercial enterprises.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/946

Digitalisation of the tax administration and mobilisation of public revenue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: an empirical analysis

BANGONZY ESSOLISONGO Jean Marie — 2026-08-01

This article analyses the relationship between the digitalisation of tax administration and the mobilisation of public revenue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The study combines an institutional analysis of the digital services provided by the Directorate-General of Taxes (DGI) with an econometric estimation based on annual data from the World Bank for the period 2000–2023. Digitalisation is measured using a standardised index combining internet usage and mobile subscriptions, whilst tax mobilisation is measured by tax revenue as a percentage of GDP. The main model, estimated using ordinary least squares with Newey–West standard errors, shows a positive and statistically significant association between the digital index and tax revenue: an additional standard deviation in the index is associated with approximately 1.46 percentage points of GDP in additional tax revenue, conditional on economic growth. An alternative specification attributes the association primarily to mobile penetration. However, the first-differences model does not confirm a significant short-term relationship, which points to the risk of common trends and endogeneity. Digitalisation must therefore be understood as an infrastructure for compliance and information, not as an automatic solution. The priorities are interoperability, the quality of tax identification, electronic invoicing, cybersecurity, digital inclusion and the assessment of compliance costs.

Keywords: tax administration; digitalisation; tax revenue; compliance; DRC; the Internet; mobile telephony.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/945

Financial Reporting and Management Control in the Digital Age: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework

Abdelghani RAHMOUNI — 2026-08-01

Financial reporting and management control have traditionally been studied as distinct organizational functions, yet their growing interdependence in digitally transformed organizations calls for an integrated conceptual account. This article reviews the theoretical foundations of both fields and examines how their convergence shapes contemporary organizational steering. Following a narrative literature review method, the study synthesizes academic and professional sources addressing the historical evolution of management control, the technological transformation of financial reporting, and the feedback mechanisms linking the two domains. The results show that management control has progressively shifted from budgetary and accounting-based control toward a broader, strategy-oriented process encompassing strategic, operational, and managerial levels of control, while financial reporting has evolved from manual ledgers to automated, real-time, and visually interactive systems supported by Business Intelligence and Accounting Information Systems. The discussion highlights that the effectiveness of management control increasingly depends on the quality, timeliness, and interpretability of financial information, and that automation, although efficiency-enhancing, requires sustained human judgment to preserve interpretative and ethical oversight. The article concludes that financial reporting and management control now function as a single, mutually reinforcing information-decision system.

Keywords: management control systems; financial reporting; digital transformation; business intelligence; decision-making; automation.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/944

Banking digitalisation in Africa: confirmatory validation of the TAM model amongst banking executives

El Mrabet El Bannai Chahlae — 2026-08-01

This confirmatory study aims to analyse the determinants of the adoption of digital banking in Africa, drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), enriched by contextual variables specific to the African environment. It seeks to examine the role of factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, technological infrastructure, costs, security and financial inclusion issues in banking executives’ decisions to adopt digital technologies.

The study adopts a quantitative approach based on a survey of banking sector executives. The questionnaire is the primary data collection tool and enables the various variables of the model to be operationalised through structured measurement scales. A pre-test phase and reliability and validity analyses are carried out to ensure the quality of the measurement instruments. The statistical analysis aims to examine the relationships between the various variables and to empirically evaluate the research model.

The results highlight the importance of perceived usefulness and ease of use in the adoption of digital technologies. They also emphasise the influence of structural conditions, notably the quality of infrastructure, investment costs, security issues and constraints related to financial inclusion. The study thus shows that the adoption of digital banking does not depend solely on technological characteristics, but also on the organisational and institutional context in which it is implemented.

This research contributes to an understanding of the specific characteristics of the adoption of digital banking technologies in Africa and highlights the importance of adapting theoretical models to the realities of the context under study.

Keywords: Digital Banking; Technology Acceptance Model (TAM); Digital Transformation; Technology Adoption; Perceived Usefulness; Perceived Ease of Use; Perceived Security; Banking Executives; Financial Inclusion; Africa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/943

Banking digitalisation in Africa: an approach based on the TAM model

El Mrabet El Bannai Chahlae — 2026-08-01

This study analyses the main determinants of the adoption of digital banking in Africa, drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). It seeks to understand the role of several factors, including perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, use of information systems, attitude towards use and perceived security.

The research adopts a quantitative approach based on a questionnaire administered to executives in the banking sector. The data collected were analysed using statistical tools, notably SPSS, JASP and factor analysis methods. The measurement scale is based on a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was also pre-tested with executives to assess the comprehensibility and consistency of the items.

The results show a generally favourable perception of digitalisation in banking. In particular, respondents consider that digital systems can make work easier, improve performance and be relatively simple to use. The results also indicate satisfactory internal consistency across the various scales, with high Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Factor analyses generally confirm the unidimensionality of the constructs and provide evidence supporting their validity.

The study thus highlights the importance of factors related to utility, ease of use, the use of information systems, attitude and perceived security in analysing the adoption of banking digitalisation in Africa.

Keywords: Digital banking; Technology adoption; TAM model; Digital banking services; Perceived utility; Perceived ease of use; Perceived security; Information systems; Africa; Financial inclusion.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/942

The use of economic sanctions in international relations: between legality and instrumentalisation

Trésor LOSHIMA OTOKA — 2026-08-01

The use of economic sanctions in international relations constitutes a legal instrument recognised and governed by universal and regional norms. These measures rely on political and judicial institutions that ensure their adoption, monitoring and oversight. However, their application reveals a high degree of instrumentalisation, often driven by the interests of the major powers. Sanctions are applied selectively and characterised by double standards, disproportionately affecting the targeted states. They exacerbate economic and social vulnerabilities and help to perpetuate relationships of international domination. Despite their legality, their effectiveness and impartiality remain limited. The tension between legality and instrumentalisation highlights the complexity of this mechanism. It therefore appears necessary to strengthen the transparency and fairness of their application in order to reconcile international regulation with justice.

Keywords: Sanctions, international relations, power, manipulation, legality.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/941

Participatory governance of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve: mechanisms for preventing and resolving conflicts relating to access to natural resources

Assumani Baraka Christian — 2026-08-01

The Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, situated in Tshopo Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a key area for biodiversity conservation, scientific research and local development. However, the coexistence of conservation objectives and the socio-economic needs of neighbouring communities raise difficulties regarding access to land and natural resources.

This study analyses participatory governance mechanisms that could prevent and resolve conflicts between reserve managers and local communities. It adopts a qualitative approach based on a literature review of scientific studies on Yangambi, Congolese legal texts and institutional publications relating to natural resource governance.

The findings show that tensions are linked in particular to a lack of clarity regarding land-use zones, restrictions on access to resources, a historical lack of community participation, and a disconnect between institutional conservation frameworks and local practices. Research on Yangambi indicates that participation has long been predominantly top-down and that changes to boundaries and zoning have contributed to tensions between communities and managers. However, recent initiatives point to a shift towards more inclusive governance, notably through the creation of village committees for the management of non-timber forest products and the organisation of community dialogue forums.

The study concludes that sustainable conflict prevention relies on a combination of effective community participation, the clarification of access rights, the recognition of local knowledge, institutional dialogue and the establishment of local dispute resolution mechanisms.

Keywords: participatory governance, Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, conflicts, natural resources, local communities, conservation, Tshopo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/939

Territorial boundaries of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve: land tenure issues, environmental governance and safeguarding local communities

Assumani Baraka Christian — 2026-08-01

The Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (YBR), situated in Tshopo Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a key area for biodiversity conservation, scientific research and the regulation of forest ecosystems in the Congo Basin. However, its governance continues to face challenges linked in particular to territorial demarcation, the overlap of land tenure and customary laws, and restrictions on access to natural resources. This study analyses the relationships between territorial demarcation, environmental governance and the safeguarding of local communities’ rights.

The study draws on legal theory and the sociology of law. It involves a literature review of academic work on Yangambi, Congolese legal instruments relating to nature conservation, and theories of natural resource governance.

The study’s findings show that historical uncertainty regarding the reserve’s boundaries, insufficient consideration of social and customary dynamics, and low community participation in the demarcation processes have contributed to the persistence of tensions between managers and local communities. The study argues that securing community rights should not be seen as at odds with conservation, but rather as a prerequisite for its sustainability. It recommends participatory demarcation, clarification of areas for community use, recognition of customary rights compatible with conservation, and the strengthening of local governance mechanisms.

Keywords: Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, territorial demarcation, land tenure, environmental governance, local communities, natural resources, conflicts.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/938

Economic Growth and Employment in the Agricultural Sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mokenya Tonton Fidèle — 2026-08-01

This study aimed to analyse the relationship between employment in the agricultural sector and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It employed the empiriocritical approach alongside documentary and observational techniques. The results of the econometric estimates, based on statistics from the World Bank database for the period 1991–2024, led to the conclusion that employment in the agricultural sector has no significant impact on economic growth. Imports and agricultural value added have a positive but non-significant impact. Conversely, foreign direct investment and inflation have a negative but non-significant impact.

The authorities’ efforts should focus on implementing effective agricultural policies that take into account the rehabilitation of transport infrastructure and marketing systems, as well as access to agricultural credit.

Keywords: Growth, employment in the agricultural sector, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/936

Effects of a Small-Sided Games Training Programme with Cognitive Demands on Aerobic Fitness in Young Elite Footballers: A Controlled Longitudinal Study

Ahmed El Ouirghioui — 2026-08-01

Small-sided positional games now play a central role in integrated physical preparation for football, but relatively little is actually known about the long-term effects of a programme that combines them with proprioceptive training and technical skills, alongside physical training organised around a monthly (or weekly) focus and functional core strengthening, particularly among young footballers. This is what this study sought to demonstrate: the effect of a 16-week programme focusing on positional games with cognitive demands (45 mins), combined with set routines (15 mins of proprioception with technical skills, 15 mins of associated physical training and 10 mins of functional core training), on performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1). Fifty-eight youth academy players, divided into four age groups (U13 to U16, experimental group, n = 49) and a control group (n = 9) following a conventional training programme, were tested before and after the intervention. The analyses combined paired and independent t-tests, ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, and corrections for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni, Benjamini-Hochberg), calculated using Python (SciPy, statsmodels). All age groups showed improvement in raw test scores (p < 0.05), with gains ranging from +38.3% to +77.8% depending on age in the experimental group, compared with +14.2% for the control group; once the corrections have been applied, the gains for the U13, U14, U15 and U16 age groups remain robust under the Bonferroni test, whilst that of the control group is only significant under the less conservative FDR correction. The integrated programme ultimately produces an average gain (+61.2 per cent) significantly higher than that of conventional training, which is particularly marked among the U13, U14 and U16 age groups.

Keywords: positional play; proprioception; physical conditioning; functional core training; aerobic fitness; Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test; young footballers.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/935

Anthropology of communication: Towards research in the humanities and social sciences

Rahan BWANGA ZANZINGWE — 2026-08-01

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the extent to which, for researchers in the humanities and social sciences, the use of the anthropology of communication can enable them to conduct meticulous research. This is achievable thanks to the methodological approach of this discipline, which requires the researcher to immerse themselves in and conduct fieldwork at the site of investigation. This meticulous approach, known as the ‘ethnographic approach’, involves stages that are essential for achieving a relevant result, worthy of thorough and thoughtful research in the humanities and social sciences.

Keywords: Ethnographic approach – observation – field notes.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/890

The impact of triage unit to improve patient satisfaction in the Emergency Department Experience of the national institute of oncology Rabat

Fahd Elkhalloufi — 2026-08-01

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate patient satisfaction before and after the creation of the triage unit (TU) as a tool for organizing the emergency department (ED) at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat. The absence of TUs at EDs has an impact on the quality of care offered, longer waiting times, and the optimal use of resources. This situation leads to conflicts between patients and healthcare staff. Resolving this situation of dissatisfaction was of paramount importance to ED care staff.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample selected was 100 patients admitted to EDs. The study lasted five months (August 2024 to December 2024). The study site is INO. The research was conducted in two phases. The first concerns the implementation of a quality cycle continuous (QCC) to solve the TU problem. Secondly, we developed a patient satisfaction survey in the ED.

Results: After the creation of TU, the average satisfaction score was 80.2 (range 54-95). The dimension with the highest score was Waiting times (89%), followed by the quality of care provided by a medical team (doctor and nurse) (89%) and quality of symptom management (pain and other symptoms) (82%). waiting times for discharge formalities 82%. Overall satisfaction was mostly very good (96, 50.8%).

Conclusion: TU is an essential part of the ED, helping to increase the satisfaction of hospital users. It also helps to reduce waiting times and congestion, which has a positive impact on patient satisfaction.

Keywords: quality management, health care, patient satisfaction, emergency department.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/933

Epidemiological, Clinical and Health-Economic Burden of Neonatal and Perinatal Health in Morocco: Direct, Indirect and Intangible Costs, and Parental Psychological Impact a Structured Narrative Review

Aslaou Fatima — 2026-08-01

Background: Neonatal and perinatal health in Morocco has, over the past decade, been addressed through several research efforts published separately, covering the epidemiology of neonatal infection, neonatal outcome, perinatal medicinal plant misuse, and the health-economic burden of maternal and child care. No synthesis had, until now, brought these findings into a single, cross-cutting perspective.

Objective: To provide a structured narrative synthesis of the epidemiological, clinical, toxicological and health-economic determinants of neonatal and perinatal health in Morocco, cross-referencing the research team's own publications with the international literature, without duplicating primary data already published or under separate review.

Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted around five predefined thematic axes, drawing on the team's publications (2020-2026) based on Moroccan cohorts (the national reference centre in Rabat, the regional unit of Dakhla, and oncology screening cohorts), complemented by a targeted PubMed search for each axis.

Results: The synthesis highlights the convergence of four categories of determinants — sociodemographic, biological/neonatal, behavioural (perinatal phytotherapy use) and organisational/economic — in the occurrence and severity of neonatal and perinatal conditions in Morocco. A detailed health-economic analysis, combining the team's own costed studies (cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination, Prevenar13 pharmacoeconomics, childhood poisoning micro-costing, generic medicines) with independent Moroccan and international cost-effectiveness studies, consistently shows that primary prevention strategies outperform curative care on economic grounds. International meta-analyses further show that 41-51% of parents of hospitalised neonates experience clinically significant anxiety, a dimension of intangible cost that remains unmonitored and unaddressed in Moroccan neonatal units, including the one in Dakhla whose hospital performance indicators and cost of care are the subject of a separate, complementary manuscript currently under review.

Conclusion: An integrated approach, combining clinical quality improvement, community health education on perinatal phytotherapy risks, and a deliberate budgetary prioritisation of primary prevention — including parental psychological support — appears necessary to durably reduce the neonatal and perinatal morbidity and mortality burden in Morocco.

Keywords: neonatal infection, perinatal health, health economics, cost of illness, parental psychological distress, Morocco.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/932

Artificial Intelligence and Behavioral Finance in the Moroccan Banking Sector: Toward Optimizing Investment Decisions in UCITS

Marouane Mkik — 2026-08-01

This paper examines how artificial intelligence (AI) adoption and behavioral biases jointly shape retail investors' decisions regarding undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) distributed through Moroccan banks. Drawing on a survey of 150 bank clients across five Moroccan regions, we estimate a multiple linear regression model in which UCITS investment decision-making is regressed on three technology-related constructs (AI adoption, perceived usefulness, trust in AI) and four behavioral constructs (financial literacy, overconfidence, herding behavior, risk aversion). The model explains 50.8 percent of the variance in investment decision-making (adjusted R2 = 0.483; F(7,142) = 20.92, p < 0.001). Positive drivers are most significantly the trust in AI (beta = 0.336), AI adoption (beta = 0.298), financial literacy (beta = 0.194) and overconfidence (beta = 0.133). Perceived usefulness is found to have a negative significant effect (beta = -0.147) and risk aversion is found to have a negative significant effect (beta = -0.184) both of which are negative. The technological block accounts for another 26.3 percentage points of variance beyond the socio-demographic block, and the behavioral block accounts for another 9.8 points of variance beyond the socio-demographic and technological blocks. Overall, the findings suggest that perceived effectiveness of the use of AI-based advisory services is not the only determinant of their added value in the Moroccan context, but also that the trust dynamic in which they are applied is a key factor, and that behavioral biases are deeply entrenched in investment decisions and will not be fully eradicated by the introduction of an AI layer.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, behavioral finance, investment decision-making, Moroccan banking sector, multiple regression, UCITS.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/931

Artificial intelligence, regional promotion and the French language in the service of heritage destinations from Kyoto to Vilnius, what models for Agadir and Ouarzazate

Nisrine TAMSOURI — 2026-08-01

At the intersection of digital transformation and contemporary tourism dynamics, this article examines the conditions under which artificial intelligence (AI) can become an effective tool for promoting regions with a rich heritage. It draws on two documented case studies: Kyoto in Japan and Vilnius in Lithuania. The study examines the technological systems deployed, their measurable effects on the attractiveness of the destinations, and the role played by language mediation. An analytical transposition is then carried out for two Moroccan cities whose heritage assets remain under-exploited by AI tools: Agadir, a rebuilt city steeped in Amazigh history, and Ouarzazate, a film and Saharan destination with a global reputation. Throughout the article, the French language is viewed as a vehicle for the international dissemination of Moroccan heritage.

Keywords: Digital cultural heritage, Artificial intelligence, Tourism communication, Creative cities, French language.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/930

Traces, Memory and Resistance: A Semiotic Reading of La Vie et demie by Sony Labou Tansi and Rescapés de la Shoah by Kasereka Kalwaghe Jean-Hilaire

Mwandi Serge Mulimani — 2026-08-01

Collective violence always leaves marks that outlive the events themselves and those who experienced them. The battered bodies, the names, the words, the writings and the places that bear these traces become vessels of memory.

This study offers a comparative semiotic analysis of *La Vie et demie* by Sony Labou Tansi and *Rescapés de la Shoah* by Kasereka Kalwaghe Jean-Hilaire. It examines how the traces of violence are transformed into signs of memory and forms of resistance.

The analysis draws on the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes and Algirdas Julien Greimas. It adopts a qualitative approach and employs both comparative methodology and documentary analysis. The study shows that, in both novels, violence fails to erase the victims entirely: the traces remain, they circulate and acquire collective significance. In Labou Tansi’s work, these traces primarily fuel political and literary resistance, whilst in Kasereka Kalwaghe’s work they lead more towards testimony, solidarity and reconstruction.

Keywords: trace, memory, resistance, semiotics, violence, survival, reconstruction.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/928

Communication practices in the context of the Ebola outbreak in Beni between 2018 and 2020: an interactive pragmatic analysis

Mwandi Serge Mulimani — 2026-08-01

The Beni region in North Kivu, in the east of the DRC, was gripped by the Ebola virus disease health crisis between August 2018 and June 2020. Every available means, including communication, was deployed to halt the spread and transmission of this viral disease. In this fight – in which we ourselves participated as awareness-raisers – we witnessed conflictual communication at the reception end and dictatorial communication at the transmission end.

Foreign doctors who did not speak the local language were placed on the front line; people from other communities were also sent into the community to raise awareness amongst the local populations – mostly villagers – and the substantial material and financial resources contributed to this response only served to give rise to other problems that had to be tackled at the same time: rumours, misinformation and fake news. These new ‘diseases’ then formed the basis of a conflictual communication environment, resulting in: a lack of community involvement in the fight against Ebola, the spread of the virus with its associated consequences, and physical violence directed at the response teams and their equipment.

The main problem raised by this study lies in the:

The use of languages not spoken by the communities affected by the Ebola virus disease, which is thought to have been at the root of the communication breakdowns that prevented the rapid eradication of the Ebola virus disease in Beni.
The use of foreign response personnel (those not belonging to the community affected by Ebola virus disease), which is said to have fuelled mistrust leading to physical attacks during the fight against this tenth outbreak in Beni.

Looking ahead, we have argued that the use of local languages for communication and the adoption of a peer-to-peer communication approach involving members of the affected communities would have enabled the affected communities to take ownership of the fight and foster community engagement.

This reminded us that the perception of the communicative content of such speech acts depends on the context in which they are used by the communicators; and the pragmatic theory of language, according to which the communicative approach is based on fundamental concepts: the implicit and the presupposition, and the interpretation of communicative value, which takes place through a set of values shared by the communicators, thereby ensuring mutual understanding of the messages.

This article aims, from an interactive pragmatic perspective, to examine the concept of ‘verbal knockout’ and the failure of communicative performance in the management of the tenth Ebola epidemic in Beni, North Kivu.

Keywords: verbal knockout, conflictual communication, response, Ebola, Beni, North Kivu.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/927

UNOCI in Bouaké: between professed neutrality and the perceptions of local communities (2004–2017)

Attoh Marc — 2026-08-01

The United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) was present in Bouaké from 2004 to 2017 against a backdrop of war, territorial division and the resolution of the crisis. This article analyses the evolution of local perceptions of the mission, distinguishing between the impartiality claimed by the organisation and the neutrality as perceived by the local population. Drawing on Security Council resolutions, United Nations reports, academic research and documents relating to UNOCI’s activities, the study shows that these perceptions evolved in line with changes in the political and security context. Between 2004 and 2007, the mission was primarily associated with protection and the hope for peace. Between 2007 and 2011, its involvement in the electoral process, followed by the post-electoral crisis, made its impartiality more controversial. After 2011, UNOCI expanded its local activities focused on reconciliation and social cohesion. Its withdrawal in 2017 thus left a mixed legacy, comprising fulfilled expectations, criticism and recognition of its role in stabilising the country.

Keywords: UNOCI; Bouaké; neutrality; local perceptions; Ivorian crisis.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/926

Lexicology between the University and Teacher Training Centres: What Role Does It Play in Training an Informed Teacher?

Halima Aghribi — 2026-08-01

Given the dynamic and ever-changing nature of meaning, as well as the complex relationships between the various meanings of words in different contexts — which makes it impossible to include them all in a dictionary — research has focused on the study of lexicon and lexicology, whether in the theoretical field of linguistics, in applied linguistics, or in the field of education. The teaching of lexicology at universities, particularly within undergraduate teacher training programmes, makes an important contribution to enabling future teachers to practise their profession in a mature and informed manner. We hypothesise that most grammatical and morphological features — and the errors resulting from them — have their roots in lexical knowledge.

In this paper, we aim to highlight the importance of lexical knowledge in the training of secondary school teachers through three main sections: In the first section, we address the importance of both the lexicon and the dictionary in the insightful and creative training of teachers, whilst clarifying the differences between them; in the second section, we discuss the semantics of vocabulary, or the way in which lexical information associated with individual words is interconnected and extends to other components of the Arabic language in this context; In the third section, we offer suggestions for integrating lexical concepts into the core training module, or into a separate module, to overcome the difficulties observed among trainees, particularly given that the time allocated to the lexicon module at university is insufficient.

Keywords: lexicography; meaning; sayings; prototypical pattern; neuropedagogy.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/924

NAmbOA: A Hybrid Metaheuristic for Energy-Prioritized Multi-Objective Route Optimization in RPL-Based 6LoWPAN IoT Networks

Olivier Pascal ASSEU — 2026-08-01

Energy consumption remains a major concern in RPL-based 6LoWPAN networks, where constrained devices operate with limited battery, processing, and communication resources. This paper presents an energy-prioritized six-objective routing framework that jointly considers Average Energy Consumption (AEC), Convergence Time (CT), Packet Overhead (PoH), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average Path Length (APL), and End-to-End Delay (EED) over DODAG-compatible routes. For the primary source-level experiment, every route in the complete candidate set (K ≤ 5) is evaluated and the minimum-fitness route is selected exactly; no metaheuristic advantage is claimed for this small discrete problem. The NAmbOA hybrid search, combining NiOA-inspired diversification and CAOA-inspired leader-guided intensification, is evaluated separately in a coupled network-wide parent-selection problem. On 200-node controlled instances, the energy-priority formulation reduces mean AEC by 23.35% relative to an ETX-minimizing/MRHOF-like reference, with modest differences in the reported overhead, delay, and delivery endpoints. Across 30 paired network-wide instances, NAmbOA obtains lower final fitness than the NiOA-inspired and CAOA-inspired component-only variants, while no significant convergence-speed advantage is observed. The results support an energy-centered routing trade-off and a network-wide hybrid-search contribution under the stated simulator assumptions; they do not constitute validation of a full standards-compliant RPL implementation.

Keywords: Energy efficiency; routing reliability; packet delivery; path selection; convergence behavior; objective function.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/922

Digital transformation and the evolution of university models: what does the future hold for the traditional university in the age of educational technology? : The case of Omnia Omnibus University, Kinshasa, DRC

Chadrac LEMBO-MATA Ezikola — 2026-08-01

This study examines the digital transformation of university models through the case of Omnia Omnibus University (UOO) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It investigates how the adoption of digital technologies affects institutional governance, teaching practices, educational interactions, and the evolution of the traditional university model in a resource-constrained context. The research adopts a qualitative, exploratory case-study approach based on semi-structured interviews with 13 participants, including seven students, five teachers, and one administrative staff member. The analysis draws on 122 coded units of meaning and combines thematic analysis with descriptive and association tests. The findings reveal a significant gap between institutional ambitions and users’ experiences. While the administration expresses a largely positive perception of digital transformation, teachers and particularly students report challenges related to connectivity, equipment, training, limited educational content, and insufficient interaction through institutional platforms. Students frequently rely on external tools such as WhatsApp, Google Scholar, and generative artificial intelligence to compensate for these limitations. The results also show that digitalisation has been more effective in administrative processes than in teaching and learning practices. Despite these constraints, teachers and students recognise the potential of digital technologies to improve accessibility, flexibility, interaction, and the future development of higher education. The study concludes that the transformation of the traditional university in the Congolese context requires more than technological infrastructure; it also depends on inclusive digital governance, stakeholder training, pedagogical integration, institutional connectivity, and sustained organisational change. The case of UOO illustrates both the opportunities and the structural challenges associated with developing a more hybrid and digitally integrated university model in the DRC.

Keywords: Digital Transformation; Higher Education; University Models; Educational Technology (EdTech); Digital Governance; Pedagogical Innovation; Digitalisation; Omnia Omnibus University; Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/921

Teaching and learning spoken language in the age of artificial intelligence: An analysis of professional practices

Billy KINKELA — 2026-08-01

This study highlights the difficulties Congolese learners face with oral communication as they enter secondary education. It examines classroom practices and teachers’ professional practices when teaching this skill, as well as the content of oral production at secondary level. Drawing on didactic transposition as a theoretical approach – that is, the process of transforming scholarly knowledge into teachable knowledge, as conceived by Yves Chevallard, and the construction of objects of knowledge into objects of instruction. In short, the aim is to analyse how French teachers approach the teaching of oral production in French as a second language at school level in the age of artificial intelligence.

The data collected from a number of teachers interviewed about their classroom practices reveals that oral skills, as an object of learning, are not taught in most of our schools.

Keywords: oral skills – communication skills – didactic transposition – artificial intelligence.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/920

Geographic Accessibility of Neonatal Incubators in Cameroon: Current and Prospective Modelling using Cost-Distance Analysis towards the African Union Agenda 2063

AFENUI NGUEFACK Nelly Leslie — 2026-08-01

Neonatal incubators are essential tracer equipment for newborn survival, yet in much of sub-Saharan Africa their benefit is limited less by their number than by how far a newborn must travel to reach one. This study analysed the geographic accessibility of neonatal incubators across Cameroon's 210 health districts using a raster-based cost-distance analysis implemented in AccessMod 5, which models travel time to the nearest incubator-equipped facility while accounting for road network, land cover, terrain, and hydrographic barriers. Population coverage was estimated at four travel-time thresholds (½, 1, 1½, 2 hours) for the current situation (2024) and for two prospective scenarios projected to the African Union's Agenda 2063 horizon: a Catastrophic trajectory of infrastructure degradation and high population growth, and a Desirable trajectory combining road investment and targeted facility capacity-strengthening. Under the current, Status Quo situation, only 53.60% of the population was covered within half an hour, rising to 77.15% within 2 hours, 2.85 percentage points short of the WHO/Lancet Commission's 80% benchmark, with 42.86% of districts more than two hours' travel from care and marked disparity concentrated in the North-West, South-West, Far North and East regions. Under the Catastrophic scenario, 2-hour coverage was projected to fall to 67.14%, whereas the Desirable scenario raised it to 89.40%, lifting the number of WHO-compliant districts from 115 in Status Quo to 152 of 210 under that scenario. These findings show that Cameroon's neonatal incubator accessibility gap is severe but not fixed, and that targeted, spatially-informed investment in roads and facility capacity could close it well within the Agenda 2063 horizon.

Keywords: neonatal incubator, geographic accessibility, cost-distance analysis, AccessMod, Agenda 2063.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/812

Self-efficacy and resilience among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in vulnerable circumstances: a study conducted in Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

KASITU Katakya Epaphrodite — 2026-08-01

Raising a child with an intellectual disability is a major challenge, particularly for mothers who bear the main burden of care in contexts characterised by instability and a lack of resources. This study aims to assess the level of resilience among mothers of children living with an intellectual disability in Goma (North Kivu) and to identify the predictors of this resilience, distinguishing the influence of socio-demographic variables from that of internal psychological resources. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 38 mothers receiving care at the Frères de la Charité Centre for People with Physical Disabilities (CHP). Resilience was measured using a validated 28-item scale. Sociodemographic data and self-efficacy were collected via a questionnaire. Statistical analyses (chi-squared, ANOVA, multiple regression) were carried out using SPSS software. The majority of mothers (71.1 per cent) demonstrated excellent resilience (χ² = 6.73, p = 0.009). Multiple regression analyses show that sociodemographic factors (age, occupation, educational attainment, family situation) account for only 1 per cent of the variance in resilience (adjusted R² = 0.010, p = 0.407). By contrast, a sense of self-efficacy emerges as a statistically significant predictor of resilience (F(4,33) = 3.880, p = 0.011). Mothers who feel ‘entirely capable’ of coping with difficulties achieve an average resilience score (104.44) that is significantly higher than that of the other groups. The results confirm that mothers’ resilience in this context relies more on internal psychological resources, particularly self-efficacy, than on socio-demographic factors. These findings support interventions focused on strengthening personal capacities, to complement any material assistance.

Keywords: Resilience, self-efficacy, intellectual disability, mothers, DRC, North Kivu.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/844

Using drama to teach French in secondary school: challenges, practices and teaching perspectives

Youssef SAFIR — 2026-08-01

This article examines the role of dramatisation in the teaching of French at secondary school level, considered both as a pedagogical approach and as a subject of didactic study. Drawing on a body of research in the didactics of French, theatre pedagogy and language sciences, this analysis begins with the observation that teaching is often centred on the written word and on detached textual analysis, to the detriment of a lived, embodied engagement with language and literature. By engaging the body, the voice, space and interaction, dramatisation creates a space in which pupils’ linguistic, discursive, literary and socio-emotional competences are developed simultaneously. The article first provides a theoretical framework for the concept of dramatisation and its psycho-pedagogical foundations, then discusses the specific challenges raised by its integration into French lessons in upper secondary schools. It goes on to present concrete practices and approaches — dramatised reading, dramatic play, staging of texts, guided improvisation — accompanied by a proposed lesson plan and assessment strategies. Finally, the limitations and resistance encountered in practice (time constraints, teacher training, class heterogeneity) are discussed, before outlining pedagogical perspectives for the reasoned and sustainable integration of theatre into the teaching of French at secondary school level.

Keywords: dramatisation, French language teaching, upper secondary school, drama, language proficiency, public speaking, theatre pedagogy.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/842

Corporate mergers in Morocco: from the universal transfer of assets to the protection of stakeholders

Anas HARRAOUI — 2026-08-01

Company mergers are among the most significant restructuring operations under Moroccan business law, balancing the need for asset consolidation with the requirement to protect stakeholders. This article examines the capacity of the Moroccan legal framework to reconcile the efficiency of the transaction with legal certainty for shareholders, creditors and employees. Through an analysis of the normative foundations of mergers (Law 17-95, Law 104-12, the General Tax Code and the Labour Code), its procedural framework (due diligence, competition scrutiny, the involvement of statutory auditors, decisions by general meetings), its tax regime (immediate taxation and tax deferral) and its multiple legal effects, it appears that the Moroccan legislature has established the merger as a highly regulated process. The analysis shows that Moroccan law seeks to reconcile the need to facilitate corporate restructuring with the requirement for legal certainty and the protection of stakeholders’ interests.

Keywords: Company mergers; merger by absorption; universal transfer of assets; Law No. 17-95; restructuring; minority shareholders; creditors; employees; competition law; taxation of mergers; governance; intra-group restructuring.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/839

Empirical analysis of management control and performance in the context of the delegation of public water services in eastern Kasai

C.T. Séraphin NGONDO NGENDJE — 2026-08-01

The issue of the delegation of public water services in the context of Eastern Kasai addresses the question of ensuring sustainable access to drinking water for the population. Its implementation and success will depend on the reliable management control mechanisms put in place to steer management and monitor performance indicators. Management control has become essential and constitutes a strategic tool for regulating and guiding the approach by monitoring the technical, financial and social performance of operators through instruments such as dashboards, performance indicators and audits. Management control enables the effectiveness of delegation contracts to be measured and assessed after a specific period.

The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of management control to the performance of public water service delegation contracts through the indicators calculated and measured. This research adopts a post-positivist approach, aiming, on the one hand, to observe, measure and explain the relationship between management control and performance within the context of public water service delegation, and, on the other hand, to understand and interpret the theories developed by scholars in the field of management control as they relate to public water service delegation.

Keywords: Empirical analysis, management control, performance, and public service delegation.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/838

Artificial intelligence algorithms for supply chain resilience and performance: Bibliometric and thematic analysis (2015 – April 2026)

REDOUAN Mustapha — 2026-08-01

Artificial intelligence is increasingly seen as a catalyst for designing resilient and sustainable supply chains in the context of shocks (pandemics, geopolitical crises, price spikes). The main types of algorithms and systems used are: machine learning, supervised learning algorithms, unsupervised learning algorithms, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing algorithms.

The main objective of this paper is to map artificial intelligence algorithms, following a methodology in the form of a systematic review covering the period 2015 – April 2026. It is based on a quantitative approach using the R bibliometrix package, in a corpus of 288 documents referenced in Scopus.

The results show through bibliometric analyses: keyword co-occurrence analysis the emergence of four clusters: machine learning and prediction techniques, artificial intelligence and supply chain resilience, risk management, decision-making, sustainable logistics, and the circular economy. The thematic analysis presents five main themes: decision-making behavioral research, decision support systems, machine learning systems, logistic regression, decision support systems, deep learning risk assessment, artificial intelligence, and supply chain management.

Keywords: Bibliometric Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Supply Chain Resilience, Supply Chain Performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/837

Climate Vulnerability and Mining Pressure on the Local Agricultural Economy: An Analysis of Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts in the Village of Kawama (Lualaba, DRC)

Nshembe Chishungu Eric Nice — 2026-08-01

This study analyses the combined effects of climate vulnerability and mining pressure on the local agricultural economy in the village of Kawama, Lualaba Province. The aim is to assess the influence of these factors on agricultural performance, the socio-economic conditions of households and environmental degradation. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative data collected from 394 farming households selected using stratified probability sampling. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression model. The results show that 72 per cent of households are exposed to drought and 68 per cent to erratic rainfall, leading to a decline in agricultural yields of up to 41 per cent. Mining pressure results in soil degradation (81 per cent), water pollution (74 per cent), the presence of mining dust (77 per cent) and a reduction in agricultural land (69 per cent). The correlations reveal a significant negative relationship between agricultural production, climate vulnerability (r = -0.62) and mining pressure (r = -0.71). The regression model (R² = 0.68) shows that these two factors account for 68 per cent of the variability in agricultural yields. The study concludes that the interaction between climate change and mining expansion poses a long-term threat to agricultural productivity, food security and the resilience of rural households, highlighting the need for integrated policies on environmental management, the restoration of degraded land and the adaptation of agriculture to climate change.

Keywords: Climate vulnerability, mining pressure, agriculture, Kawama, Lualaba.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/833

Psychological burden of chronic diseases and quality of life: A Narrative review

Nadia Sgheir — 2026-08-01

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic diseases on the quality of life of patients, comprehend the psychological implications of these diseases, and review the literature.

Materials and methods: Narrative review using PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, ScienceDirect Medline (2014–2024) BMC database and Cochrane Library with search terms included chronic diseases, psychological impact, quality of sleep and life, psychological distress. After screening, 32 of the studies were included.

Results and discussion: Depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social isolation frequently coexist with chronic disease. These emotional tolls may contribute to physical symptoms while diminishing the effectiveness of treatment.

Conclusion: Providing psychological support is important in the management of chronic disease. Tailoring interventions can improve patients' quality of life and should be considered in research and public health initiatives.

Keywords: Chronic disease, mental health, quality of life, sleep disorder, public health.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/829

Financing the ecological transition in Morocco: a comparative analysis of green bonds and sustainable bank credit

Karima LAMRANI — 2026-08-01

This research investigates the trade-offs between green bonds and sustainable bank credit as mechanisms for financing the ecological transition of Moroccan firms. Based on a qualitative and comparative analysis of academic literature, institutional documentation, and regulatory frameworks, the study examines four key dimensions: accessibility, costs and incentives, reporting requirements, and contractual flexibility. The findings indicate that green bonds are better suited for large-scale enterprises possessing the requisite organizational and informational capabilities. Conversely, sustainable bank credit offers broader accessibility, particularly for SMEs and mid-tier companies, albeit subject to rigorous solvency constraints, ESG monitoring, and compliance standards. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the existence of a "greenium" cannot be directly substantiated within the Moroccan market based on the corpus examined. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the optimal financing choice is contingent upon both the firm’s specific characteristics and the broader institutional environment.

Keywords: Sustainable finance; green bonds; sustainable bank credit; ecological transition; ESG; Moroccan firms.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/828

The quality of financial reporting, accounting errors and fraud, and the sustainability of SMEs an empirical analysis of SMEs in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

SHAMBA MBOSHAMBA Théophile — 2026-08-01

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remain constantly exposed to accounting errors and fraud. If left undetected, these irregularities can undermine the reliability of financial information, lead to a biased representation of the entity’s financial position, encourage inappropriate decision-making and jeopardise their long-term viability.

The aim of this research is to empirically analyse the relationships between the quality of financial reporting, accounting errors and fraud, detection and prevention mechanisms, and the sustainability of SMEs in the context of the city of Kinshasa. To achieve this aim, a mixed-methods approach was adopted. The qualitative study was conducted with six chartered accountants, whilst the quantitative survey involved 113 respondents from the audited SMEs.

The results obtained demonstrate the existence of several accounting irregularities in SMEs. They also indicate that detection and prevention mechanisms do indeed contribute to improving the quality of financial reporting, which in turn has a significant positive effect on the sustainability of SMEs.

Keywords: financial reporting, quality of financial reporting, accounting errors, accounting fraud, detection and prevention mechanisms, sustainability of SMEs, Kinshasa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/827

Digital finance and economic growth in CEPGL countries: a dynamic analysis using Panel data (2000–2024)

Vincent RUKUNDO KAREMERA — 2026-08-01

The digital transformation of financial systems is one of the major shifts in contemporary economies and is attracting growing interest in developing countries, where shortcomings in traditional banking coexist with the rapid spread of digital technologies. Digital finance is thus likely to improve access to financial services, reduce transaction costs, facilitate payments and enhance the efficiency of financial intermediation. However, its effects on economic growth remain contingent on the quality of digital infrastructure, the level of human capital, the institutional and regulatory environment, and its integration with the financing of productive activity. This article analyses the effect of the development of digital finance on economic growth in the countries of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) – namely the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi – over the period 2000–2024. The study utilises panel data and a composite index of digital finance development (ISFD), supplemented by variables relating to information and communication technologies (ICT), digital financial education (FinEduDig), public-private partnerships in ICT (PPP_ICT) and the money supply. The econometric strategy is based successively on stationarity tests, Kao’s cointegration test, the estimation of an ARDL panel model, and robustness and causality tests. The results highlight the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables studied, but do not confirm the hypothesis of a positive and statistically significant effect of the development of digital finance on economic growth. The research hypothesis is therefore rejected. This seemingly paradoxical result is, however, qualified by the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, which reveals a unidirectional causality from the development of digital finance towards economic growth, with a probability associated with the Z-bar statistic of 0.0319. The null hypothesis of non-causality is thus rejected at the 5 per cent significance level. These results suggest that digital finance has real potential for economic transformation, but that this potential remains insufficiently translated into aggregate growth in CEPGL countries. The article therefore advocates an integrated policy combining the development of digital and energy infrastructure, financial inclusion, financial and digital literacy, improved regulation, and the channelling of financial innovation towards productive investment.

Keywords: Digital finance; economic growth; ARDL model using panel data; cointegration; causality; CEPGL; financial inclusion.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/816

Domestic violence and the mental health of male victims in Goma

CHOBOHWA SHAMABALE Valentin — 2026-08-01

This study demonstrates that domestic violence in Goma, although largely underreported by men (85.7 per cent), is a major determinant of the deterioration of their mental health (U = 2.000; p = 0.001). The analyses reveal a very strong positive correlation (ρ/rho = 0.904) between the intensity of abuse and the severity of psychological disorders, with a substantial effect size (r = 0.58). Multiple regression modelling identifies psychological violence as the most significant predictor (β = 0.561; p < 0.001), surpassing economic violence. These results highlight the harmful impact of emotional abuse and call for official recognition of male victimisation, as well as the roll-out of psychological support services free from gender bias.

Keywords: Domestic violence; Mental health; Male victims; Mental disorders.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/815

The Teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville

MPIA IKAVU Guylain — 2026-08-01

This article highlights the teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville, located in the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The teaching of Latin in this town is linked to evangelisation and the work of Catholic missionaries. Although considered a dead language, Latin remains a fundamental tool for linguistic, intellectual and cultural education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, aimed at preparing pupils for higher and university education, and for various professional careers. A survey of 15 teachers reveals a contradiction, if not a paradox: whilst today’s teachers are better qualified than those of the 1980s and early 1990s (thanks, of course, to the establishment of the ISP Bandundu in the 1990s), the standard and performance of learners in Latin have declined considerably. The study outlines some of the causes of this underperformance.

Keywords: Teaching of Latin, Bandundu-Ville, decline in pupils’ standards, usefulness of Latin, documentation.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/813

Individual Support and the Quality of Digital Education at ULPGL-Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

KASITU Katakya Epaphrodite — 2026-08-01

This research explores the perceptions of lecturers at the Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs (ULPGL) in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, regarding individual support for learners in a digital learning context. Faced with major structural challenges, such as a surge in student numbers and limited infrastructure, the study seeks to understand how lecturers conceptualise, implement and perceive the effectiveness of this personalised digital support.

A qualitative methodology, based on semi-structured interviews with three lecturers from different disciplines and on thematic content analysis, was employed. The findings are organised around three main themes. Firstly, lecturers view digitalised individual support as a profound transformation of their teaching practice, shifting from transmissive methods to active and inclusive approaches, and redefining their role as that of a facilitator. Secondly, they perceive its contribution as highly positive, noting improved student engagement, more effective feedback and the development of digital skills, thanks to a resilient hybrid pedagogy. Thirdly, major obstacles persist, notably critical infrastructure constraints (power cuts, poor connectivity) and a lack of training for both teachers and students.

The study concludes that whilst the potential of individualised digital support is widely recognised and experienced by teachers, its optimal implementation is hampered by systemic barriers. It therefore calls for a strengthened institutional approach, combining investment in infrastructure, tailored training programmes and the promotion of resilient teaching strategies, in order to realise the promise of inclusive, high-quality digital education in resource-constrained contexts.

Keywords: Individualised support, digital education, teachers’ perceptions.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/845

Rainfall-induced instability of high road cut slopes in tropical lateritic soils: numerical assessment and stabilization performance

Kuele Teneffo Divin-Christ — 2026-08-01

This study numerically assessed the stability of a high road cut slope subjected to rainfall infiltration, on the Olembe–Obala Interchange Road section near Nkolngem, in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Hourly climatic data spanning 25 years (2000–2025) were obtained from NASA POWER and cross-validated against Climate Research Unit monthly records, yielding a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.949 and a mean relative error of 9%, confirming data reliability. Extreme rainfall intensities were extracted and fitted to the Gumbel distribution, with adequacy verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, accepted for 84% of durations analyzed. Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves were then constructed for return periods of 2 to 100 years. Infiltration modeling was performed using SEEP/W, with soil hydraulic properties estimated via the Fredlund and Xing model, under two complementary approaches namely a soil-climate interaction approach using continuous hourly time series, and a unit water flux approach simulating discrete extreme events. Slope stability was evaluated using SLOPE/W, combining the Morgenstern-Price limit equilibrium method and a finite element stress-based approach implemented through SIGMA/W, with both methods yielding consistent results within a mean relative difference of 2.72%. In the absence of stabilization, the safety factor decreased under the combined effect of rainfall intensity and duration, falling below the critical threshold of 1.3 during prolonged events exceeding 24 hours. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that rainfall duration influences the safety factor approximately eight times more than intensity. Two stabilization techniques were evaluated. Vegetation cover, modeled using the Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration method with parameters representative of tropical grasses, increased the safety factor by 4% to 32% depending on event characteristics, primarily through a gain in superficial cohesion from root reinforcement, and maintained the safety factor above 1.3 even for 24-hour events. Masonry revetments with weep holes reduced the maximum degree of saturation by approximately 20% and raised the safety factor by more than 35% during extreme events, consistently keeping slopes above the required safety threshold. These findings highlight the high sensitivity of unstabilized tropical cut slopes to rainfall infiltration and confirm the effectiveness of both vegetation and masonry revetments as context-adapted stabilization solutions.

Keywords: Rainfall-induced slope failure; Tropical lateritic soils; Transient infiltration; Limit equilibrium method; Finite element method; Slope stabilization.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/811

The Authority of Criticism and Its Limits in Critiquing Authority: Abu Hayyan al Tawhidi as a Case Study

Abdellatif Elbadry — 2026-08-01

The power of criticism is only realised in its fullest form when it springs from a writer who has lived through reality and tasted the bitterness of political tyranny; for then his criticism becomes a sincere expression of lived experience, not merely a theoretical stance. A writer who has experienced injustice and oppression under the authority of the state is better able to expose its flaws and reveal its hypocrisy. From this perspective, criticism of authority becomes a form of uprising against inequality and a voice rejecting all forms of oppression.

However, this criticism often crosses familiar boundaries, becoming more intense and fiercer, and may slip into exposing individuals and undermining their prestige, revealing them in a light that was previously concealed behind a façade of honour and prestige. This is clearly evident in the work of Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, particularly in his book *The Ethics of the Two Ministers*, in which he directed scathing criticism at political authority, employing a sharp and satirical style characterised by both boldness and bitterness.

The impact of this criticism was such that it became the talk of the town, was held deep within people’s hearts, and was revealed through their actions, despite all attempts to suppress or downplay it. Thus, al-Tawhidi demonstrates that the power of criticism, however much it is met with resistance, remains capable of exposing authority and shattering its aura.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/810

Art Education in the Age of Digital Cultural Media: From Aesthetic Reception to Knowledge Production and Creative Participation

Hassan Slimani — 2026-08-01

This study examines the transformations that art education has undergone in the wake of the emergence of digital cultural media, as a new space for the production and circulation of culture and the reshaping of modes of reception and participation. It aims to reveal the transition that art education has undergone from a traditional model focused on the acquisition of skills and imitation to a cognitive model that makes art a field for constructing meaning, developing creative thinking and producing aesthetic knowledge.

The study adopted an analytical approach drawing on the philosophy of art, educational sciences, the psychology of reception, and digital cultural studies, in order to understand the transformations affecting the roles of learners, the nature of the artwork, and the position of the recipient within the digital environment. The findings revealed that digital cultural media is no longer merely a medium for transmitting works of art, but has become an interactive space that reshapes the relationship between the artist and the audience, transforming the recipient from a consumer of content into a participant in the production of its meanings.

The study concludes that contemporary art education is called upon to develop a new model that combines aesthetics, technology and critical thinking, transforming the learner into a cultural agent capable of producing artistic knowledge and participating in the shaping of visual culture within the digital creative community.

Keywords: art education; digital cultural media; aesthetic reception; visual culture; participatory creativity.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/809

ECONOMIC ISSUES OF GENERIC MEDICINES: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MOROCCO

Aida Soulaymani — 2026-08-01

Introduction: Rising pharmaceutical expenditure is a major challenge for the sustainability of health systems. Generic medicines are an important lever for controlling costs, stimulating competition and improving access to treatment. However, their economic effect depends on pricing and reimbursement policies, prescribing and substitution mechanisms, the degree of competition, supply tensions, and the trust of professionals and patients. Objective: To analyse the main economic issues associated with generic medicines in the recent literature, to identify the mechanisms through which they influence prices, pharmaceutical expenditure and financial accessibility, and to discuss the implications for Morocco. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted from 1 January 2015 to 10 August 2026 in Scopus and PubMed. The Scopus query identified 855 documents (743 articles and 112 reviews), and a consolidated selection of 100 PubMed references was added. After merging, 955 records were deduplicated by title normalisation; 55 duplicates were removed, leaving 900 unique references. An initial title-based screening was applied according to economic, pharmaceutical-policy, access, prescribing and substitution criteria. Results: After deduplication, 900 unique references were examined by title. Of these, 439 were excluded and 461 were retained for abstract and/or full-text verification. Conclusion: Generic medicines represent a major lever for pharmaceutical sustainability, but their effectiveness depends on an integrated policy combining price, competition, reimbursement, prescribing, substitution, quality and availability. For Morocco, the ongoing extension of universal health coverage reinforces the relevance of such a strategy.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/805

ETHICAL CONSUMPTION OF MEAT IN MOROCCO: BETWEEN HALAL-TAYYIB, TRUST, SANITARY QUALITY, ANIMAL WELFARE AND SUSTAINABILITY

Aida Soulaymani — 2026-08-01

Meat consumption in Morocco is not solely a nutritional or economic choice. It stands at the crossroads of religious lawfulness, sanitary quality, trust in the seller and the supply chain, product origin, slaughter conditions, traceability and, increasingly, environmental and animal-welfare concerns. This narrative review aims to analyze the foundations of ethical meat consumption in Morocco and to compare them with the dominant frameworks in Western countries. The available literature shows that the Halal referential is a central determinant, but that a broader approach through the concept of Tayyib makes it possible to integrate wholesomeness, quality, integrity, transparency and harm prevention. In Western countries, meat ethics is more institutionalized around animal welfare, environmental footprint, reduction of meat consumption, traceability and labelling. In Morocco, these emerging dimensions combine with mechanisms of relational trust, attachment to Beldi products, and the proximity of supply circuits. An integrative model is proposed around five axes: Halal-Tayyib integrity, safety and quality, trust-traceability, socio-environmental responsibility, and animal welfare. Moroccan empirical studies are needed to measure their relative weight in purchasing behavior.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/804

The contribution of New Public Management to public finance governance at the MAROC: a literature review

Bouchaib Kamil — 2026-08-01

New Public Management (NPM) is one of the most influential paradigms in the transformation of contemporary public administrations. This systematic review examines the contribution of NPM to public financial governance through an analysis of sixty-three empirical studies published between 2000 and 2025. Our methodology is based on the PRISMA protocol for the identification, selection and analysis of documents. The results reveal that NPM contributes significantly to improving financial transparency (weighted mean effect d¯ = 0.74, 95% CI [0.58; 0.89]), the allocative efficiency of public resources (d¯ = 0.61, 95% CI [0.43; 0.79]) and accountability (d¯ = 0.82, 95% CI [0.68; 0.95]). However, the regression analysis shows that these effects are moderated by the institutional context (β = 0.34, p < 0.001), the level of economic development (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) and the duration of reform implementation (β = 0.41, p < 0.001). The study also identifies potential adverse effects, notably a reduction in equity of access to public services (d¯ = −0.23, 95% CI [−0.41; −0.05]) and an excessive increase in the complexity of decision-making processes. These results suggest that the effectiveness of the NMP depends crucially on the contextual conditions of implementation and on the ability of institutions to adapt managerial principles to the specific characteristics of the public sector.

Keywords: New Public Management, public financial governance, systematic review, meta-analysis, budgetary transparency, public performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/802

Teaching socio-cultural aspects in literary texts at secondary school level: towards the development of social skills in language lessons to facilitate the learner’s smooth integration

Floribert LOOLA EKOFO — 2026-08-01

This study represents our modest contribution to the teaching of texts in upper secondary school classes in particular, and to all secondary school classes in general. Our foremost concern is to see secondary school French teachers develop pupils’ understanding of sociocultural aspects when teaching texts. Indeed, French teachers currently focus solely on developing linguistic aspects when teaching texts, without any reference to cultural aspects. This is why we have sought to find a solution that provides an effective response to the teaching of texts by addressing the axiological dimension, with a view to helping learners develop the attitudes and qualities necessary for successful social integration.

Keywords: Sociocultural aspects, teaching, text, critical analysis.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/801

Microbiological profile and therapeutic management of urinary tract infections in pregnant women in Likasi, haut-Katanga (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

MUKUMBI MWANABUTE Donatien — 2026-08-01

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a major infectious complication during pregnancy, associated with significant obstetric and neonatal risks. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, limited access to microbiological diagnosis and rising antibiotic resistance greatly complicate their management.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, determine the microbiological profile, and analyze the antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens isolated from pregnant women in Likasi in order to optimize local antibiotic therapy.

Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted among pregnant women recruited via stratified random sampling in Likasi. Urine samples were analyzed using standardized urine culture (ECBU) at the AFRIDEX Polyclinic Laboratory. Isolation was performed according to CA-SFM/EUCAST guidelines, while identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using the automated VITEK 2 Compact system. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS.

Results: This study revealed a UTI prevalence of 43.3% in the overall population. The pregnant women had a mean age of 25.3 ± 6 years; the majority were housewives (50.0%) and were attending prenatal care (PNC) in the second trimester (74.1%), with the Panda district being the most represented (39.2%). No significant association was found between these characteristics and infection (p>0.05). The microbiological profile was dominated by *Escherichia coli* (46.2%), *Klebsiella pneumoniae* (15.4%), and *Proteus mirabilis* (9.6%). The highest susceptibility rates were observed for amikacin (76.9%), ertapenem (69.2%), and imipenem (63.5%), while vancomycin and linezolid were 100% effective against Gram-positive cocci. Conversely, high levels of resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin were observed. These results highlight the need to strengthen routine urine culture screening and update local antibiotic treatment protocols for pregnant women.

Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant women in Likasi is alarming. Given the documented critical resistance to aminopenicillins, implementing routine urine culture screening during prenatal visits and regulating empirical antibiotic therapy are essential in the region.

Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy, Microbiological profile, Antibiogram, Likasi, DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/798

Perceived Workplace Autonomy Scale (PWAS): A Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation Among Moroccan Nurses

Nada Reggoug — 2026-08-01

Background: A complex profession such as nursing requires technical expertise as well as transversal skills. Nurses face multiple daily decisions, including task prioritization, time management, and maintaining constructive relationships. In this context, autonomy competency is an essential component of job performance, satisfaction, and care quality.

Aim: This study aims to examine the factor structure and internal consistency of a self-administered scale to assess nurses’ perceived autonomy competence; their belief in their own capacity to act autonomously, as distinct from structural job autonomy; as well as to identify its underlying dimensions.

Methods: A cross- sectional questionnaire was conducted with 286 nurses from three hospitals in Morocco. The scale comprised 14 items grouped into four theoretical dimensions. A clarity pre-test with five nurses was conducted to ensure comprehension and refine item wording before full administration. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine construct validity. In addition, internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis using Principal Axis Factoring, combined with parallel analysis, revealed a single underlying factor accounting for 50.1% of the total variance. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.931).

Conclusion: The study provides preliminary evidence of the scale’s internal consistency and unidimensional structure. This tool can help healthcare managers identify areas for improvement and implement continuing training to strengthen autonomy, thereby enhancing nursing practice and patient care outcomes.

Key words: Autonomy, Workplace Autonomy, competency, scale development.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/797

Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI): A Systemic Framework for the Enhancement of Cultural Heritage through Virtual and Augmented Reality in African Museums and Libraries

Cissé Alioune — 2026-08-01

The growing adoption of immersive technologies has transformed the preservation, interpretation, and dissemination of cultural heritage worldwide. While Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) have demonstrated their potential to enhance visitor engagement and learning, most existing theoretical models have been developed in technologically advanced contexts and remain insufficiently adapted to the institutional, cultural, and infrastructural realities of African museums and university libraries. This study addresses this gap by proposing Cissé's Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI), a systemic framework that integrates technological, human, institutional, and contextual dimensions into a unified model for immersive cultural heritage experiences.

A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 250 respondents drawn from the Central University Library of Cheikh Anta Diop University and the Léopold Sédar Senghor Museum in Senegal. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The measurement model was assessed in terms of reliability and validity, while the structural model was evaluated using path coefficients, bootstrapping, coefficients of determination, effect sizes and predictive relevance.

The findings indicate that interaction, cultural mediation, technological readiness and contextual adaptation significantly influence immersive experiences and visitor engagement. Unlike conventional technology-centred models, the ACMI demonstrates that the effectiveness of immersive technologies depends on the continuous interaction between technological capabilities, institutional objectives, cultural mediation and local contextual conditions. The model therefore provides a holistic explanation of how immersive experiences contribute to heritage valorisation in African cultural institutions.

This study contributes to the literature by introducing one of the first empirically validated systemic models specifically designed for African museums and university libraries. Beyond its theoretical contribution, the ACMI offers practical guidance for museum professionals, librarians, policymakers and researchers seeking to implement sustainable and culturally responsive immersive technologies.

Keywords: Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI); Virtual Reality; Augmented Reality; Cultural Heritage; Museums; University Libraries; Cultural Mediation; PLS-SEM; SmartPLS 4; Africa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/795

Enhancement of Acclimatization of in Vitro Propagated Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Plantlets, Barhi Cultivar, Using Paclobutrazol and Sorbitol

Ali I. Ahmed — 2026-08-01

The study was carried out in the period 2024 to 2025 in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, which is part of the Date Palm Research Center, University of Basra, to investigate the effect of using two concentrations of the growth regulator paclobutrazol (PBZ) (2 and 4 mg/L) and two concentrations of the sugar alcohol sorbitol(Sor) (5 and 10 g/L) via foliar application, and a control treatment where only distilled water was used to spray, on improving the acclimatization of Barhi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets. Findings from this research revealed that paclobutrazol and sorbitol significantly affected the acclimatization success rate. This was supported by an increase in acclimatization success rate to 90% with paclobutrazol at 4 mg/L. Additionally, the concentration enhanced fresh and dry weight, carbohydrate, and proline content in the leaves relative to the control treatment. The results also indicated that the application of (Sor) at 10g/L to the plantlets resulted in higher level of chlorophyll in comparison with the control (untreated) plantlets.

Keywords: acclimatization; Date palm; PBZ; Sor; stress; tissue culture.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/794

The Translation of Mahi Binebine: Cultural Challenges and Humanistic Resonances

TAIB Hanane — 2026-08-01

Moroccan writer and painter Mahi Binebine amplifies the voices of the marginalized — migrants, the poor, and the oppressed. His novels, translated into multiple languages, blend social realism, poetry, and Moroccan oral traditions. Yet, how can translators convey the raw emotion of his words, the rhythm of dialect, or the political urgency of his stories?

This article examines the challenges of translating Binebine’s work, torn between cultural authenticity and readability. The study also explores translators’ strategies: Should culture-specific terms like "djellaba" be kept or glossed? How to preserve Binebine’s storyteller’s voice, deeply rooted in Moroccan Arabic? Finally, it questions how translations shape his global reception, balancing cultural reclamation (Arabic editions) and cross-cultural dialogue (English translations).

Keywords: Translation, challenges, reception, impact, dialogue.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/866

Optimising interactions between the PCR and road users in Lubumbashi: economic and cultural aspects

BWANGA ZANZINGWE Rahan — 2026-08-01

This article aims to address the shortcomings in road safety communication in Lubumbashi, with a view to optimising it for the benefit of the entire road user community. The author demonstrates that, through an anthropological approach to communication, it is possible to closely examine various linguistic practices and identify all the associated problems by closely observing the target audience and integrating into their community. To address these problems, he proposes the use of preventive, dissuasive and engaging communication, through awareness-raising campaigns and other measures, with a view to bringing about a positive change in road users’ behaviour.

Keywords: road harassment; Highway Code; road safety communication.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/889

Breaking the “Ore Ceiling”: Women’s Labor and Legal Resistance in North Country

Abdelilah EL HACHMI — 2026-08-01

This article examines North Country (2005) as a socio-legal film that represents the movement from workplace harassment to collective legal resistance. Focusing on selected scenes related to harassment, complaint, testimony, retaliation, courtroom proceedings, and collective action, the study uses a qualitative socio-legal approach informed by legal consciousness, access to justice, and gendered organization theory. The analysis shows that workplace harm does not become a legal claim because women, first, have to recognize normalized misconduct as wrongful, speak about it publicly, and confront the economic, social, and reputational costs of doing so. The film presents testimony as a contested process in which credibility is shaped by institutional expectations and cultural ideas of victimhood. As similar experiences are connected, individual grievance becomes a collective legal challenge, making organizational patterns more visible. The article argues that North Country compresses the long and complex history of Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co. into a more accessible narrative of confrontation, solidarity, and symbolic legal victory. The concept of the “ore ceiling” is used to describe the overlapping workplace, cultural, and institutional barriers that restrict women’s legal agency in a male-dominated industry such as the mine.

Keywords: legal consciousness, workplace harassment, collective resistance, access to justice, North Country.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/888

Clinicopathological profile, therapeutic management and 5-year survival of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer at Douala General Hospital

Anaba Dominique Epouse Ndom — 2026-08-01

Background: HER2-positive breast cancer is an aggressive subtype associated with a high risk of progression and mortality. In Cameroon, its prognosis is influenced by late diagnosis and limited access to targeted therapies. This study aimed to describe the clinicopathological profile, therapeutic management and five-year survival of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer at Douala General Hospital.

Methods: We conducted a hospital-based, observational, retrospective cohort study with descriptive and analytical components from January 2021 to December 2025 at Douala General Hospital. A total of 260 patients with HER2-positive breast cancer were included, and sociodemographic, clinicopathological, therapeutic and outcome data were collected from medical records. Overall survival was assessed over five years, and predictors of mortality were investigated using Cox regression.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 45.36 ± 10.91 years, and the 18-44-year age group was the most represented (52.3%). Cancer was mainly discovered following a breast lump (86.9%). Stage III disease was the most frequent (58.5%), followed by stage IV disease (28.1%). Invasive ductal carcinoma accounted for 91.9% of cancer cases. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 76.5% of patients, while targeted therapies were administered in 43.5%. The mortality rate was 33.8%. Overall survival gradually decreased to approximately 36% in 2025. The independent predictors of mortality were unmarried status (aHR = 0.44; p = 0.012), presence of comorbidities (aHR = 0.42; p = 0.019), metastases at diagnosis (aHR = 1.97; p = 0.046), breast surgery (aHR = 2.30; p = 0.008) and radiotherapy (AHR = 2.60; p = 0.017).

Conclusion: HER2-positive breast cancer mainly affected young women, with a predominance of locally advanced and metastatic forms. The mortality rate was high, and the overall survival rate decreased by half after five years.

Keywords: breast cancer, HER2-positive, overall survival, mortality, predictors, Douala.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/886

Digital Governance, Innovation, and Sobriety: A Three-Pronged Approach to Strengthening the Territorial Resilience in Morocco

Chaimae Guetbach — 2026-08-01

In a Moroccan context marked by growing environmental, demographic, and institutional crises, territorial resilience has emerged as a strategic priority for ensuring the sustainability of national development. This study examines the capacity of a three-pronged approach — based on digital governance, innovation, and resource efficiency — to strengthen this resilience. Using a secondary methodology involving documentary analysis and a literature review, the research focuses on the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra (RSK) region as a testing ground. The results demonstrate that the integration of these pillars creates a virtuous synergy. However, the analysis highlights that the success of this integrated model remains contingent on bridging the digital divide and improving institutional coordination to ensure a just and sustainable territorial transformation.

Keywords: Digital governance, Innovation, Morocco, Territorial resilience, Sobriety.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/885

The Reception of the Poem al-Burda in the Far Maghrib: From the Classical Qaṣīda to Ritual Practice and Musical Performance (1st/7th Century–15th/21st Century)

Souad El kassmi — 2026-08-01

This article examines the Moroccan reception of al-Burda as a historically mobile text whose meaning was reshaped by changing regimes of use rather than by textual variation alone. Focusing on the Far Maghrib, it traces the poem’s passage from scholastic reading and devotional memorisation to collective recitation, Sufi samāʿ, Mawlid settings, and selected forms of performance associated with the Moroccan-Andalusian nūba. The argument situates al-Burda within a wider genealogy of prophetic praise while giving particular attention to the Moroccan devotional environment formed around works such as al-Jazūlī’s Dalā’il al-Khayrāt. It then considers how manuscript circulation, nineteenth-century printing, oral performance, and later sonic mediation altered the relations between reader, listener, text, and community. Rather than treating the Moroccanization of al-Burda as a narrow linguistic adaptation, the article defines it as a sequence of pragmatic relocations through which the poem moved between lesson, ritual gathering, musical time, and public memory. This approach clarifies how classical Arabic poetry became embedded in North African religious practice, performative culture, and changing media of transmission.

Keywords: al-Burda; praise of the Prophet; Far Maghrib; Dalā’il al-Khayrāt; samāʿ; Moroccan-Andalusian nūba; reception; printing.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/883

Changes in knowledge, access to services and practices relating to water, hygiene and sanitation in the Beni and Mweso health zones, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: results of baseline and end-line surveys conducted as part of the PPSSP intervent

Gabriel Moliso N. N’sele — 2026-08-01

This study assessed households’ knowledge, access to services and practices regarding water, hygiene and sanitation in the Beni and Mweso health zones in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the context of the implementation of WASH interventions under the Primary Health Care Promotion Programme (PPSSP). A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 418 households – 127 in Beni and 291 in Mweso – using a structured questionnaire covering access to water, the availability and treatment of drinking water, handwashing practices, access to latrines, open defecation and episodes of diarrhoea among children under five. The results were also compared with those of the baseline CAP survey to assess changes in the main indicators. A descriptive comparison with an initial CAP survey carried out prior to the main interventions showed a favourable trend in several WASH indicators: 97.1 per cent of households use an improved water source, 78.5 per cent have a sufficient supply of water and 75.8 per cent have access to a latrine. Furthermore, 57.9 per cent of respondents cited at least three key handwashing moments, whilst 35.4 per cent of households have a handwashing facility. However, only 5.0 per cent of households reported treating their drinking water. Open defecation by adults has fallen to 8.6 per cent, but 18.9 per cent of household’s report that at least one child under the age of five had suffered from diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to the survey. These findings demonstrate significant progress in access to WASH services, but highlight the need to strengthen hygiene practices, water treatment and behaviour change interventions in order to consolidate these gains and reduce health risks in the long term.

Keywords: WASH; Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP); Safe drinking water; Hand hygiene; Sanitation; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/881

Economic Growth and Its Socio-Political Outcomes: Human Development, Social Justice, and Political Stability

Wiame Elhajjami — 2026-08-01

Economic growth has traditionally been regarded as a central objective of economic policy because it increases national output, expands income, supports investment, and strengthens the productive capacity of an economy. However, contemporary development debates show that growth is not an end in itself. Its real importance depends on its capacity to improve human development, reduce poverty and inequality, promote social justice, and strengthen political stability. This article examines how economic growth affects human development, social justice, and political stability, while emphasizing the role of governance, institutions, and public policies in shaping these outcomes. It argues that growth can improve living standards when it expands employment, increases public revenues, and finances education, health, infrastructure, and social protection. Nevertheless, growth can remain socially limited when it is unequally distributed, weakly inclusive, or disconnected from effective redistribution. The article also highlights that political stability is influenced by the social quality of growth, particularly through employment, poverty reduction, institutional trust, and social cohesion. Based on a theoretical and analytical review of recent and classical literature, the article concludes that economic growth should be understood as a means for achieving broader human and socio-political progress rather than as a purely quantitative macroeconomic objective.

Keywords: Economic growth; human development; social justice; political stability; inequality; governance; public policy; redistribution; social cohesion.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/880

Two economies: the old and the new – a key concept in the transformation of economic systems and how to manage organisations today

Franck BAFOSAMBI BATALEYANA — 2026-08-01

We had all realised that this concluding article is currently part of a series of publications that are beginning to help the public understand both the new and the old economies in many of their facets. As the saying goes: in a country where guerrilla warfare rages, a goods train pushes a small cart whose role is to detonate any explosive charges that might be placed on the track. In the same way, the vision contained in this article plays the same role as that cart, for the future is always a ‘guerrilla’ territory where unexpected elements – which may seem insignificant – are capable of derailing today’s firmly established and seemingly indestructible trends; or, to change the metaphor, it can be regarded as a ‘precursor warning signal’ heralding the elements of discontinuity which, although still in their infancy, are already transforming the structure and meaning of yesterday’s and today’s economy and society.

Keywords: Old economy, new economy, economic transformation, innovation, inclusive development.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/873

Re-examining public administration management in the DRC Between institutional and administrative inertia and the marginalisation of civil servants

Faustin MBUYI KABAMBA — 2026-08-01

The management of public administration is a key determinant of a state’s ability to design and effectively implement its public policies. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), however, several decades of administrative reforms have failed to provide a lasting solution to the challenges relating to institutional effectiveness, human resources management, the performance of public services and the recognition of civil servants. This article analyses the management of the Congolese public administration through the lens of two key issues: institutional inertia and the marginalisation of civil servants in the process of administrative modernisation.

The study adopts a qualitative approach based on a review of the literature and an analysis of academic work on the reform of the Congolese public administration. It shows that the difficulties observed are not solely attributable to inadequate legislation or a lack of reforms. They also stem from a disconnect between institutional norms, administrative practices, career management mechanisms and contemporary demands for public sector performance. Recent literature highlights, in particular, the effects of clientelism, the politicisation of recruitment, nepotism, the weakness of meritocracy and difficulties in career management.

The article argues that the reform of the Congolese public administration should move beyond a primarily institutional approach to adopt a managerial, people-centred and results-oriented approach. The revaluation of civil servants, the professionalisation of careers, transparency in recruitment, continuous training, digitalisation and performance appraisal thus emerge as key levers for transformation.

Keywords: public administration; civil servant; institutional inertia; marginalisation; administrative reform; meritocracy; public performance; DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/872

The impact of marketing strategies on the overall performance of emerging enterprises: an empirical study of MSMEs in the DRC

MBUYI MUKENDI Joseph — 2026-08-01

This study examines the impact of marketing strategies (digital marketing, product differentiation, strategic pricing and distribution channels) on the overall performance of emerging micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Drawing on a sample of 250 MSMEs selected in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi, and using econometric modelling via multiple linear regression (MCO), the results reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship between marketing dimensions and overall performance (R² = 0.624). Digital marketing and distribution strategy emerge as the most powerful determinants. The study offers concrete strategic recommendations for business leaders and public decision-makers to stimulate the Congolese economy.

Keywords: Marketing strategies, MSMEs, Overall performance, Emerging economy, DRC, Econometrics.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/870

Elective Language in Children on the Autism Spectrum: From Neurocognitive Therapy to the Development of Receptive and Expressive Communication Skills

Abdellah Bennouna — 2026-08-01

This study examines the neurological, cognitive and linguistic dimensions that explain communication disorders in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), emphasising that their linguistic deficits are not so much due to structural grammatical deficiencies as they are to a contextual-pragmatic gap that hinders the functional use of language in social interaction. The article reviews the neurobiological foundations of the disorder, focusing on the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS) in explaining deficits in imitation and theory of mind, and drawing on explanatory cognitive models such as central coherence impairment and in executive functions. The article also details receptive and expressive language features; it refutes the common perception that expressive language is superior to receptive language, demonstrating the association of language disparities with non-verbal cognitive abilities, neural tonality processing and event-related potentials (ERPs). The study concludes that it is important to shift from formalistic approaches to early pragmatic and functional interventions, and to integrate behavioural assessment tools (such as the VB-MAPP) to enhance communicative competence and self-awareness in natural environments.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, pragmatic linguistics, mirror neurons, theory of mind, receptive and expressive language, early intervention.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/868

Enhancing Production Automotive Industry Performance with Ishikawa's 5M Method and Fuzzy Logic

Abdeljalil BECHCHAR — 2026-08-01

The digitalization in the dynamic landscape of the automotive industry, achieving optimal production processes is a fundamental imperative. This article delves into a robust approach that combines Ishikawa's 5M method and fuzzy logic to significantly enhance production performance. The 5M method, encompassing Manpower, Machinery, Material, Method, and Measurement, serves as the foundational framework for dissecting factors influencing production. Meanwhile, fuzzy logic, a contemporary mathematical framework, introduces flexibility to decision-making in handling complex, uncertain variables.

The assessment of Manpower Expertise, Machinery Condition, Material Quality, Method Efficiency, and Measurement Accuracy is essential. In the automotive industry, the proficiency of the workforce, machine reliability, material quality, operational efficiency, and precision of measurements collectively define success. Ishikawa's 5M method offers a structured approach to dissecting and addressing these crucial elements.

Fuzzy logic, on the other hand, bridges the gap between qualitative assessments and quantifiable outputs. By assigning linguistic variables and membership functions, it allows for nuanced analysis. Rule-based decision-making in fuzzy logic draws connections between input and output variables, aiding in the interpretation of complex relationships. This adaptive system evolves with time, enhancing its accuracy and predictive capabilities.

The integration of Ishikawa's 5M method and fuzzy logic results in a powerful tool for enhancing production performance. Quality, productivity, safety, and customer satisfaction—integral outcomes in the automotive industry—are no longer subjective measures. Instead, they are quantified, analyzed, and optimized through a synergistic approach. By leveraging both time-tested methodologies and modern techniques, manufacturers can navigate the challenges of the industry and usher in a new era of excellence.

This article serves as a guide to harnessing the potential of Ishikawa's 5M method and fuzzy logic in achieving remarkable production performance in the automotive industry. Through a deeper understanding of the interplay between human expertise, machinery reliability, material quality, method efficiency, and measurement accuracy, coupled with the dynamic capabilities of fuzzy logic, manufacturers are empowered to elevate their production processes to unparalleled heights.

Keywords: Ishikawa, 5M, Fuzzy logic, automotive industry, performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/867

Gender Policies and Family Transformation: A Europe–Türkiye Comparison

Sıddık ARSLAN — 2026-08-01

This study examines perceptions of how gender policies affect the family, drawing on a Europe–Türkiye comparison. It rests on a long-term, unstructured field study conducted between 2012 and 2025: the 2012–2018 period was devoted to understanding and observation, and the 2018–2025 period to systematic field interviews. The European component covered 300 people across twenty-five cities in ten countries in two separate rounds (2019 and 2024–2025); the Turkish component covered 1,500 people in four cities (Ankara, Erzurum, Istanbul, and Kocaeli); in addition, interviews with 500 citizens living in Europe who visited Türkiye informed the European fieldwork. The findings show that, although the family is valued in both societies, it is increasingly seen as fragile. The most striking result is a divergence in the perceived source of threat: in Türkiye roughly half of participants (50%) identified “legislation” as the greatest threat, whereas in Europe “sexism” (30%) and “infidelity” (25%) stood out. The erosion of trust and fidelity, the rise of dual-life and partner-swapping tendencies (from roughly 1.7% to 2.1% in Europe), and the rapid emergence in Türkiye of trends already mature in Europe together point to a convergence. The study argues that family change stems from a combination of legal, economic, cultural, digital, and demographic factors, and that family policy should therefore be designed in a multidimensional, data-driven, and non-polarizing manner. The findings are perceptual and make no causal claim; yet the comparative design renders visible how a global transformation opens different channels in different social settings.

Keywords: gender policies, the family, family stability, the Istanbul Convention and Law No. 6284, Europe–Türkiye comparison, unstructured field research.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/793

Survival and Predictors of Mortality Among Stroke Patients in Kinshasa (DRC): A Prospective Cohort Study

KALEBA ANYASI André — 2026-08-01

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and severe disability in low- and middle-income countries. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), longitudinal data and modeled survival estimates for in-hospital stroke patients remain extremely scarce.

Objective: To evaluate in-hospital survival and identify independent predictors of mortality among hospitalized stroke patients in the Gombe Health Zone, Kinshasa.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted from August 2025 to June 2026 at the Renaissance University Hospital Center (CHUR) and Ngaliema University Hospital. A total of 250 consecutive patients with confirmed acute stroke were followed. Overall and cumulative survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method (Log-Rank test). Independent predictors of mortality were identified via multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results: The mean age of patients was 57.3 ± 13.3 years, with a marked male predominance (65.6%). Ischemic stroke accounted for 57.2% of cases and hemorrhagic stroke for 42.8%. Overall, in-hospital mortality reached 53.2% (n = 133), with a median overall survival time of 14.5 days (95% CI: 11.2 – 17.8). Survival was significantly worse in hemorrhagic strokes compared to ischemic strokes (median survival: 12.0 days vs. 29.0 days; Log-Rank p = 0.002). In multivariate Cox regression, initial neurological severity at admission (Glasgow Coma Scale < 8; aHR = 3.41 [95% CI: 2.15 – 5.41]; p < 0.001), hemorrhagic stroke subtype (aHR = 2.51 [95% CI: 1.62 – 3.89]; p = 0.001), early seizures (aHR = 2.67 [95% CI: 1.58 – 4.51]; p = 0.002), and severe secondary brain insults of systemic origin (SBISO / ACSOS; aHR = 3.16 [95% CI: 1.98 – 5.04]; p < 0.001) were major independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusion: In-hospital stroke mortality in the Gombe Health Zone is exceptionally high and occurs early. Aggressive and protocolized management of secondary systemic brain insults, strict blood pressure control, and the establishment of dedicated Stroke Units represent priority interventions to reduce this burden.

Keywords: Stroke, Survival, Cox Model, Kaplan-Meier, In-hospital Mortality, Secondary Brain Insults, Kinshasa.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/863

Identifying difficulties relating to information literacy amongst postgraduate students at the University of Yaoundé I

Youmbissie Yemte Marceline — 2026-08-01

In the 21st century, the advent of the knowledge society and the exponential growth of digital data are radically transforming the global academic landscape. While immediate access to scientific information via Web 2.0 technologies represents a major opportunity, it also generates a cognitive and methodological constraint for learning and independent research. In Cameroon, this paradox is particularly acute among postgraduate research students (Master’s and Ph.D. levels), for whom completing a thesis or dissertation demands precise and rigorous methodological skills. The findings of this research point to a critical situation. Indeed, despite the overabundance of information, the majority of students demonstrate limited skills in accurately identifying their information needs, targeting relevant databases, critically evaluating the scientific validity of sources, and utilizing this knowledge in an ethical and legal manner. This qualitative study aims to identify the difficulties related to information literacy among Master’s and Ph.D. students. It was conducted with 10 students from the University of Yaoundé 1. The data collected through an interview guide were analysed using thematic content analysis. The results mapped the students' experiences, highlighted the exact nature of their difficulties, and identified their perceptions regarding training needs. Specifically, they reveal that information literacy gaps are not merely the result of a lack of individual effort, but are exacerbated by exogenous factors: inadequate local technological infrastructure, high costs of high-speed internet access, language barriers when facing predominantly English-language scientific literature, and a lack of familiarity with advanced indexing tools. Unanimously, participants designated training as an essential solution. Regarding this training, participants cited, among other formats, lectures, seminars, practical tutorials, and independent work.

Keywords: information literacy, training, students, University of Yaoundé 1.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/862

Design of an automated information system for commercial management in a multi-branch organisation

KAMBALE VAYIRWE Jeannot — 2026-08-01

The reliability and sharing of information amongst operations managers within a multi-branch commercial enterprise is of great importance. A number of challenges to ensuring this sharing include: the availability of information at head office, the analysis and consolidation of data, information security, …

In this article, we propose to identify potential solutions that can help the company overcome these challenges. To resolve this issue, we have designed an IT model tailored to multi-branch retail businesses, comprising algorithms and UML diagrams (use-case diagrams and class diagrams). This has resulted in effective control, ease of data consolidation and improved, timely decision-making.

Keywords: Branch, Retail Business, Information System.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/861

Exploring the contribution of social media use on tourism destination resilience during disaster response and recovery phases: the case of Al Haouz earthquake in Marrakech, Morocco

Laila Aligod — 2026-08-01

The tourism industry is especially vulnerable to natural disasters and crises, requiring adaptive strategies to enhance the resilience of affected destinations. This study examines the role of social media networks in strengthening tourism resilience during the response and recovery phases following the Al Haouz earthquake in Marrakech, Morocco. Adopting an interpretivist epistemological approach, this qualitative research draws on testimonies from key stakeholders, including tourism businesses (hotels, travel agencies, airlines, restaurants), local elected officials, public sector actors (Royal Armed Forces, Security Forces, Ministry of the Interior, Civil Protection), as well as Moroccan citizens, foreign tourists, and associations. Data analysis using NVivo software highlights the essential contribution of social media to the resilience and rehabilitation of tourist destinations. The results of the study show that social media are strategic tools whose deliberate and targeted use can strengthen the resilience of tourist destinations in the face of natural disasters. Beyond their role in emergency communication and restoring the image of tourist destinations, targeted content shared on social media influences the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of stakeholders, thereby promoting community engagement and national and international solidarity to overcome the crisis. By identifying key takeaways from this experience, this study provides practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders in the tourism industry to design effective and context-specific interventions.

Keywords: Earthquake disaster, Morocco, resilience, social media use, tourism destination.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/859

Pre-operative management of acute typhoid peritonitis in a resource-limited setting: a qualitative study on the experience and autonomy of anaesthesia and resuscitation technicians in Matadi (DRC)

Désiré Mbebolo Mvibudulu — 2026-08-01

Introduction: Acute diffuse peritonitis (ADP) is a medical and surgical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality in resource-limited settings. In Matadi, Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Technicians (ARTs) are responsible for pre-operative preparation (POP), often without specialist doctors or adequate equipment. This study aimed to explore their practices and the constraints influencing the POP of patients with ADP.

Methods. This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in three general referral hospitals located in the city of Matadi (DRC). Purposive sampling was used to select ARTs who had recent experience of pre-operative preparation (POP). Empirical data saturation, achieved during the 8th interview, was corroborated by conducting three additional interviews within a restricted target population of 15 inpatients, excluding two who were on leave, resulting in an effective recruitment pool of 13 inpatients. The data, collected through semi-structured interviews based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, were subjected to a thematic analysis incorporating dual coding and a verification procedure with the participants.

Results. Eight participants (5 women) with between 3 and 27 years’ experience described patients admitted in a state of septic shock and advanced malnutrition. Resuscitation relied exclusively on crystalloids administered ‘ad libitum’, guided by rudimentary clinical monitoring (blood pressure measured with a cuff, skin fold thickness, urine output, level of consciousness). Faced with shortages and financial constraints, the TARs develop coping strategies (‘resourcefulness’, personal donations) whilst exercising quasi-medical decision-making autonomy, which generates stress and ethical distress.

Conclusion. Pre-operative preparation (POP) for patients with acute diffuse peritonitis (ADP) of typhoid origin in Matadi is compromised by systemic constraints that the ingenuity of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Technicians (ARTs) cannot compensate for in the long term; consequently, this situation warrants the development of context-specific protocols as well as urgent provision of emergency kits.

Keywords: Typhoid peritonitis; pre-operative preparation; Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Technician; limited resources; DRC.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/858

Funding and distribution in Moroccan cinema: from amateurism to professionalisation

Mariam AIT BELHOUCINE — 2026-08-01

This article analyses the progress, achievements, constraints and prospects of the Local Development Programme for 145 Territories (PDL-145T) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It highlights the progress made in the construction of educational, health and administrative infrastructure, with 1,011 projects completed as at 31 October 2025. However, the programme’s implementation continues to face several challenges, notably insecurity, territorial isolation, logistical and financial difficulties, weak institutional coordination, as well as issues relating to maintenance and community participation. The study also highlights significant regional disparities in the level of implementation. It recommends, in particular, accelerating the works, strengthening funding and security, improving governance and coordination, and establishing sustainable mechanisms for maintenance and monitoring and evaluation.

Keywords: PDL-145T; local development; territorial development; rural infrastructure; governance; funding; security; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/857

Progress, challenges and prospects of the Local Development Programme for the 145 Territories (PDL-145T) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

MAFEFE MUKOZO AIMÉ — 2026-08-01

Keywords: PDL-145T; local development; territorial development; rural infrastructure; governance; funding; security; Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/853

Analysis of the issue of appointing public representatives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo through the lens of the Ishikawa diagram: A study conducted at the Régie des voies Aériennes (RVA) from 2006 to 2026

NGANI NGANI MADUHE François — 2026-08-01

This study examines the recurring issue of the appointment of public officials in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, using the Régie des Voies Aériennes (RVA) as a case study for the period 2006–2026. An analysis of the root causes of instability at the helm of this strategic enterprise reveals systemic failings: a lack of transparency in selection processes, persistent political interference, the absence of objective evaluation of appointments, and a frequent mismatch between the profiles of those appointed and the RVA’s core missions, namely air traffic safety and security, the collection of charges, the development and construction of airports, and staff training. A comparison of these practices with the international governance standards of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the IPSAS accounting standards highlights a major structural discrepancy. The instability of senior management teams, illustrated by appointments between 2020 and 2026, appears to be a symptom of a system in which political considerations take precedence over requirements for competence and performance. The article proposes operational recommendations to establish a transparent appointment process, based on merit and aligned with international standards.

Keywords: Public officials, governance, Ishikawa diagram, DRC, RVA, aviation safety, international standards, ILO, OECD, IPSAS, transparency, public performance.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/852

Prospects for digital education in vocational training programmes: Analysis of current uses of ICT and projections for their future integration into training programmes focused services and tourism

ETUMANGELE TSHITAKA Gabriel — 2026-08-01

This study analyses the digital transformation of teaching in vocational training programmes, particularly in the tourism and services sectors. It examines current uses of ICT and the prospects for its future integration through digital platforms, collaborative tools, blended learning approaches, simulation and artificial intelligence. The findings show that digital technology helps to diversify teaching practices, develop professional skills and bring learning closer to the realities of the world of work. However, its roll-out continues to face challenges relating to infrastructure, inequalities in access, the digital skills of those involved and pedagogical support. In the future, artificial intelligence, adaptive learning and immersive technologies could facilitate more personalised and vocationally-oriented learning pathways. The study thus emphasises that the success of this transformation depends on the strategic integration of digital technology, linking technological innovation, educational objectives, professional skills and the needs of the labour market.

Keywords: Digital education, ICT, Vocational training, Foresight, Services, Tourism, Educational innovation, Artificial intelligence, Professional skills.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/850

Tourism Marketing for Natural and Cultural Patrimony through Touristy Farms in the Province of Tetouan and Tangier, Morocco

Layla ES-SADRA — 2026-08-01

Touristy farms have appeared throughout numerous regions of the world as a means of promoting both natural and cultural heritage. Nevertheless, scant research has focused on applying tourism marketing to touristy farms in North Morocco. The current study investigates how touristy farms in the province of Tetouan and Tangier, Morocco, valorise and market their natural and cultural patrimony. Relying on a structured questionnaire distributed to farm owners, thirty practical replies have been gathered and analysed via a descriptive analytical approach. The findings reveal that the questioned farms are chiefly small, owned by individuals or families. Shaped as tiny enterprises, these farms mainly valorise agricultural and experiential heritage such as mountains, gardens, agricultural practices and traditional food, instead of constructed or monumental heritage. These farms announce wide target markets but they only entice local and regional tourists; this gap is due to strong dependence on a single marketing channel, social media, along with community involvement, whereas further formal devices as brochures, tourism agencies, branding, and artificial intelligence carry on being insignificant. The most repeatedly mentioned challenges are tourism seasonality, low promotion, financial constraints, and weak infrastructure. Satisfying tourists is chiefly checked via informal review of social media content, instead of structured tools. These outcomes advocate the studies on tourism marketing through farms by presenting proof from Morocco and the North Africa context, which has obtained minimal research attention. They also stress useful stages that could support the sector achieve rural growth as diversifying marketing channels, constructing formal brands, and evaluating tourist gratification in a structured method.

Keywords: Tourism marketing; natural and cultural patrimony; touristy farms; agritourism; rural tourism; Morocco.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/849

The role of the midwife within an interdisciplinary team in the management of high-risk pregnancies in the Katwa health zone, DR Congo

KASEREKA MUHITANIA Elie — 2026-08-01

Introduction: High-risk pregnancies remain a major maternal and neonatal health issue, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to analyse the role of midwives within an interdisciplinary team in the management of high-risk pregnancies in the Katwa Health Zone.

Materials and methods: This is a descriptive qualitative study conducted with twelve midwives selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews, which were recorded with the participants’ consent and then transcribed in full. The analysis was carried out using a thematic approach, following repeated reading, coding of units of meaning and grouping into categories and themes.

Results: The results show that midwives play a central role in the continuum of care, from the initial assessment of the pregnant woman through to postnatal follow-up. Their responsibilities include taking a medical history, conducting clinical and obstetric examinations, screening for risk factors, referral, antenatal consultations, monitoring labour, delivery and care of the newborn. Collaboration with doctors and other professionals appears essential, but is sometimes limited by communication difficulties, interprofessional tensions and insufficient recognition of their skills. The participants also emphasised the importance of morning handover reports, clinical audits, SONU training and regular professional refresher courses.

Conclusion: Strengthening the role of midwives, continuing professional development, care protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration is a key strategy for improving the quality of care and reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in Katwa.

Keywords: Roles, midwife, interdisciplinary team, obstetric care, high-risk pregnancy, maternal and neonatal health.

Received Date: June 19, 2026

Accepted Date: July 10, 2026

Published Date: August 01, 2026

Available Online at: https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/847

International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies

A comparison of managerial practices in public and private hospitals in Lubumbashi: towards differentiated performance in health services: The case of the Jason Sendwe Provincial Tertiary Referral Hospital and the Afia Don Bosco Polyclinic

The role of artificial intelligence in companies’ marketing strategies: an exploratory study amongst marketing professionals in Morocco

Hygiene, sanitation and CBRN security in Kinshasa: between regulations and practices in the Saïo neighbourhood

Heavy metal contamination (PB, CD, AS, CR) in NPK 17-17-17 fertilizers marketed in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: regulatory compliance, health and environmental risk assessment

Preventive Maintenance of Inkjet Printers: The Case of the City of Kabinda (DRC)

Impact of setting up a computer centre in Kabinda

Artificial intelligence and organizational transition boards of directors: Toward enhanced and high-performance governance

Circular bioeconomy in the global south: sustainable solutions for socioeconomic development through innovations in sustainable farming and agricultural techniques in Cameroon

Drinking Water Network Users’ Associations and the sustainability of community-managed systems in the town of Kindu

Metabolic Rifts and Modernity: Single-Use Plastics, Composting Logics, and the Remaking of Urban Foodways in Yaounde

Study based on the pharmacological toxicology of Lamiaceae plants, Artemisia, Plantago major L, and psyllium in Morrocco

Time management and managerial practices in healthcare institutions in South Kikwit

Descriptive analysis of physiotherapists’ knowledge and practices in the DRC

Reflections on marketing ethics in the face of the challenges posed by artificial intelligence and big data: rethinking values and rules in the digital age

Free maternity care and its impact on gender equality in financial protection in public hospitals in Kinshasa in 2024

Assessment of exposure to air pollution and its effects on the respiratory health of mine workers in the Kanzenze health zone in Kolwezi

Harmonisation of the accounting treatment of depreciation in public institutions: Lessons from the Congolese experience with IPSAS standards in Idiofa

Modelling of an intelligent biosurveillance system based on electronic sensors, big data and statistical analysis for the prediction of variations in biological parameters

Tax communication and mobilisation of revenue from local income tax in Kisangani: issues, strategies and challenges facing the DGRPT

Development and application of an integrated framework for evaluating malaria control programmes funded by the Global Fund: a narrative review of logical frameworks, logic models and theories of change

Human resources management practices in hospitals: The case of the Bukavu Provincial General Referral Hospital in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Assessment of the environmental and health impacts of mining in Kolwezi: a comparative analysis of actual exposure and household perceptions in the Kanzenze health zone

The contribution of artificial intelligence and humanoid robotics to improving productivity, quality and safety in industry 4.0

The Hybrid Isomorphism of Public Action: Culture, Crises and Communicative Modernity in Morocco (2020–2024)

Theoretical underpinnings of the relationship between accounting information systems and organisational performance in SMEs: a multi-paradigmatic approach applied to the Senegalese context

The issue of promiscuity in the Matete district of Kinshasa: Health, social and environmental issues

Cognitive and emotion-recognition outcomes of the YOTISMA digital intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: a quasi-experimental study in Morocco

Visibility of Côte d’Ivoire’s documentary heritage: a cartographic study of libraries and archives in the digital age

The impact of changes in the variables of the modern marketing mix on the performance of commercial enterprises: an empirical analysis extending to the 8Ps

Digitalisation of the tax administration and mobilisation of public revenue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: an empirical analysis

Financial Reporting and Management Control in the Digital Age: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework

Banking digitalisation in Africa: confirmatory validation of the TAM model amongst banking executives

Banking digitalisation in Africa: an approach based on the TAM model

The use of economic sanctions in international relations: between legality and instrumentalisation

Participatory governance of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve: mechanisms for preventing and resolving conflicts relating to access to natural resources

Territorial boundaries of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve: land tenure issues, environmental governance and safeguarding local communities

Economic Growth and Employment in the Agricultural Sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Effects of a Small-Sided Games Training Programme with Cognitive Demands on Aerobic Fitness in Young Elite Footballers: A Controlled Longitudinal Study

Anthropology of communication: Towards research in the humanities and social sciences

The impact of triage unit to improve patient satisfaction in the Emergency Department Experience of the national institute of oncology Rabat

Epidemiological, Clinical and Health-Economic Burden of Neonatal and Perinatal Health in Morocco: Direct, Indirect and Intangible Costs, and Parental Psychological Impact a Structured Narrative Review

Artificial Intelligence and Behavioral Finance in the Moroccan Banking Sector: Toward Optimizing Investment Decisions in UCITS

Artificial intelligence, regional promotion and the French language in the service of heritage destinations from Kyoto to Vilnius, what models for Agadir and Ouarzazate

Traces, Memory and Resistance: A Semiotic Reading of *La Vie et demie* by Sony Labou Tansi and *Rescapés de la Shoah* by Kasereka Kalwaghe Jean-Hilaire

Communication practices in the context of the Ebola outbreak in Beni between 2018 and 2020: an interactive pragmatic analysis

UNOCI in Bouaké: between professed neutrality and the perceptions of local communities (2004–2017)

Lexicology between the University and Teacher Training Centres: What Role Does It Play in Training an Informed Teacher?

NAmbOA: A Hybrid Metaheuristic for Energy-Prioritized Multi-Objective Route Optimization in RPL-Based 6LoWPAN IoT Networks

Digital transformation and the evolution of university models: what does the future hold for the traditional university in the age of educational technology? : The case of Omnia Omnibus University, Kinshasa, DRC

Teaching and learning spoken language in the age of artificial intelligence: An analysis of professional practices

Geographic Accessibility of Neonatal Incubators in Cameroon: Current and Prospective Modelling using Cost-Distance Analysis towards the African Union Agenda 2063

Self-efficacy and resilience among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in vulnerable circumstances: a study conducted in Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Using drama to teach French in secondary school: challenges, practices and teaching perspectives

Corporate mergers in Morocco: from the universal transfer of assets to the protection of stakeholders

Empirical analysis of management control and performance in the context of the delegation of public water services in eastern Kasai

Artificial intelligence algorithms for supply chain resilience and performance: Bibliometric and thematic analysis (2015 – April 2026)

Climate Vulnerability and Mining Pressure on the Local Agricultural Economy: An Analysis of Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts in the Village of Kawama (Lualaba, DRC)

Psychological burden of chronic diseases and quality of life: A Narrative review

Financing the ecological transition in Morocco: a comparative analysis of green bonds and sustainable bank credit

The quality of financial reporting, accounting errors and fraud, and the sustainability of SMEs an empirical analysis of SMEs in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Digital finance and economic growth in CEPGL countries: a dynamic analysis using Panel data (2000–2024)

Domestic violence and the mental health of male victims in Goma

The Teaching of Latin in Bandundu-Ville

Individual Support and the Quality of Digital Education at ULPGL-Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Rainfall-induced instability of high road cut slopes in tropical lateritic soils: numerical assessment and stabilization performance

The Authority of Criticism and Its Limits in Critiquing Authority: Abu Hayyan al Tawhidi as a Case Study

Art Education in the Age of Digital Cultural Media: From Aesthetic Reception to Knowledge Production and Creative Participation

ECONOMIC ISSUES OF GENERIC MEDICINES: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MOROCCO

ETHICAL CONSUMPTION OF MEAT IN MOROCCO: BETWEEN HALAL-TAYYIB, TRUST, SANITARY QUALITY, ANIMAL WELFARE AND SUSTAINABILITY

The contribution of New Public Management to public finance governance at the MAROC: a literature review

Teaching socio-cultural aspects in literary texts at secondary school level: towards the development of social skills in language lessons to facilitate the learner’s smooth integration

Microbiological profile and therapeutic management of urinary tract infections in pregnant women in Likasi, haut-Katanga (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Perceived Workplace Autonomy Scale (PWAS): A Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation Among Moroccan Nurses

Adaptive Circular Model of Immersion (ACMI): A Systemic Framework for the Enhancement of Cultural Heritage through Virtual and Augmented Reality in African Museums and Libraries

Enhancement of Acclimatization of in Vitro Propagated Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Plantlets, Barhi Cultivar, Using Paclobutrazol and Sorbitol

The Translation of Mahi Binebine: Cultural Challenges and Humanistic Resonances

Optimising interactions between the PCR and road users in Lubumbashi: economic and cultural aspects

Breaking the “Ore Ceiling”: Women’s Labor and Legal Resistance in North Country

Clinicopathological profile, therapeutic management and 5-year survival of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer at Douala General Hospital

Traces, Memory and Resistance: A Semiotic Reading of La Vie et demie by Sony Labou Tansi and Rescapés de la Shoah by Kasereka Kalwaghe Jean-Hilaire