Breast Self-Examination for Prevention and Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Insights into Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) – A Review

Abstract

Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a low-cost, non-invasive technique for breast health awareness, historically promoted for the early detection of breast cancer. While major international guidelines (e.g., U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, WHO) have shifted towards emphasizing mammographic screening and clinical breast examination (CBE), citing a lack of mortality benefit and potential harms from BSE, knowledge of and attitudes towards BSE remain significant public health issues, particularly in low-resource settings. This review synthesizes global evidence on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to BSE. Findings indicate that while knowledge of BSE is often moderately high, accurate understanding of correct technique, timing, and risk factors is generally poor. Attitudes are predominantly positive, with women viewing BSE as empowering and a vital component of self-care. However, practice rates remain low and irregular, hindered by barriers including fear of discovering a lump, lack of confidence in technique, cultural taboos, and competing priorities. Significant disparities exist based on geography, socioeconomic status, education, and healthcare access. The review concludes that BSE should be reframed not as a standalone screening tool but as a critical component of Breast Self-Awareness (BSA), empowering women to know their own breasts and promptly report changes to a healthcare provider. Future efforts should focus on culturally sensitive, structured education to improve technique and encourage appropriate help-seeking behavior, integrating BSA into broader cancer control strategies.

Keywords: Breast Self-Examination, Breast Awareness, Breast Cancer, Early Detection, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Health Education, Global Health.

Received Date: February 25, 2024

Accepted Date: March 12, 2024

Published Date: April 17, 2024

Available Online at https://www.ijsrisjournal.com/index.php/ojsfiles/article/view/538